サルコイドーシスとは　英語の情報のまとめ

サルコイドーシスがどんな病気か、ChatGPTにまとめてもらいました。

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of granulomas—clusters of immune cells—in various organs, most commonly the lungs, lymph nodes, eyes, and skin. The exact cause remains unknown, but it is believed to result from an exaggerated immune response to an unknown antigen in genetically predisposed individuals.

Symptoms

The clinical presentation of sarcoidosis varies depending on the organs involved:

  • General: Fatigue, fever, weight loss, and night sweats.
  • Pulmonary: Dry cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
  • Dermatologic: Skin lesions such as erythema nodosum (tender red nodules, often on the shins), plaques, and lupus pernio (chronic, violaceous skin lesions on the face).
  • Ocular: Uveitis leading to redness, pain, and potential vision loss.
  • Neurological: Cranial nerve palsies, meningitis, or peripheral neuropathy.
  • Cardiac: Arrhythmias, heart block, or heart failure.

A specific acute form, known as Löfgren syndrome, presents with a triad of erythema nodosum, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes at the lung roots), and arthritis, particularly in the ankles. This syndrome is associated with a favorable prognosis. citeturn0search11

Disease Progression and Prognosis

The course of sarcoidosis is unpredictable:

  • Spontaneous Remission: Occurs in many patients within a few years without treatment.
  • Chronic Disease: Some individuals experience persistent or progressive disease leading to organ dysfunction.
  • Mortality: Approximately 1–7% of patients may succumb to the disease, often due to respiratory or cardiac complications.

Prognosis varies based on factors such as ethnicity, age, and organ involvement. For instance, African Americans and individuals with cardiac or neurosarcoidosis may have a less favorable outcome. citeturn0search9

Treatment

Management strategies depend on the severity and organ involvement:

  • Observation: Asymptomatic patients or those with mild symptoms may be closely monitored without immediate intervention.
  • Medications:
    • Corticosteroids: First-line treatment to reduce inflammation.
    • Immunosuppressants: Agents like methotrexate, azathioprine, or mycophenolate mofetil are used when corticosteroids are insufficient or cause significant side effects.
    • Biologics: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, such as infliximab, have shown efficacy in refractory cases.

Treatment decisions are individualized, considering potential side effects and patient preferences. citeturn0search9

Epidemiology

Sarcoidosis affects individuals worldwide:

  • Prevalence: Approximately 1.9 million people globally had interstitial lung disease, including sarcoidosis, in 2015.
  • Demographics: More common in adults aged 20–50, with a slight female predominance.
  • Ethnic Variations: Higher incidence in individuals of Scandinavian descent and African Americans.

The disease’s manifestation and severity can vary among different populations. citeturn0search9

Current Research and Clinical Trials

Ongoing research aims to elucidate the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis and develop targeted therapies:

  • Genetic Studies: Investigations into genetic predispositions to better understand disease mechanisms.
  • Biomarkers: Identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring treatment responses.
  • Novel Therapies: Clinical trials are evaluating new immunomodulatory agents, including TNF inhibitors and other biologics, to treat refractory sarcoidosis.

Participation in clinical trials offers patients access to cutting-edge treatments and contributes to advancing medical knowledge.

Patient Experiences

Living with sarcoidosis can significantly impact quality of life:

  • Physical Challenges: Chronic fatigue, pain, and organ-specific symptoms.
  • Emotional Well-being: The unpredictable nature of the disease can lead to anxiety and depression.
  • Support Systems: Engaging with support groups and counseling services can provide emotional support and practical coping strategies.

Patient advocacy organizations and online communities offer platforms for sharing experiences and resources.

In summary, sarcoidosis is a complex multisystem disease with variable presentations and outcomes. Advancements in research continue to improve understanding and management, offering hope for better patient care in the future.

参考

  1. サルコイドーシス研究の行方：現状と将来像　望月一郎　日サ会誌 2011, 31（1）https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjsogd/31/1/31_1/_pdf

貿易戦争 trade war と貿易摩擦 trade frictionについてChatGPTとともに英語で学ぶ

貿易戦争と貿易摩擦

A trade war refers to an economic conflict between countries characterized by the imposition of tariffs or other trade barriers in response to disputes over trade policies. It typically starts when one country imposes tariffs or restrictions on imports from another country, and the affected country retaliates with similar measures. Trade wars can escalate, leading to reduced trade, higher costs for consumers, and economic uncertainty.

Trade friction, on the other hand, refers to disagreements or tensions between countries over trade-related issues, such as tariffs, subsidies, intellectual property rights, or market access. Unlike a trade war, trade friction does not necessarily involve aggressive retaliatory actions but rather ongoing disputes that may be resolved through negotiations.

貿易戦争と貿易摩擦の違い

The key difference between trade war and trade friction lies in the intensity and the level of economic confrontation between countries.

Trade Friction

  • Definition: Trade friction refers to disagreements or tensions between countries regarding trade policies, market access, tariffs, subsidies, or regulatory practices.
  • Nature: It is more about disputes and negotiations rather than outright economic conflict.
  • Resolution: Often resolved through diplomatic discussions, trade agreements, or WTO (World Trade Organization) mediation.
  • Examples:
    • Disputes over agricultural subsidies between the U.S. and the EU.
    • Concerns over China’s intellectual property practices before the U.S. imposed tariffs.

Trade War

  • Definition: A trade war occurs when countries impose retaliatory tariffs or trade restrictions on each other in an escalating manner.
  • Nature: It is an active economic confrontation, where both sides take punitive actions.
  • Resolution: Difficult to resolve quickly, as each side may continue imposing more tariffs or restrictions, leading to broader economic consequences.
  • Examples:
    • The U.S.-China Trade War (2018–2020), where both countries imposed tariffs on billions of dollars worth of each other’s goods.
    • The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930), which led to global retaliatory tariffs and worsened the Great Depression.

How Are They Related?

  • Trade friction can escalate into a trade war if diplomatic solutions fail.
  • Trade war is a more extreme form of trade friction, where countries retaliate with tariffs and trade barriers.
  • Not all trade friction leads to a trade war, but all trade wars originate from trade friction.

 

アメリカ対世界の国々との間貿易戦争の行く末、ドルと円の価値の行方

Current Trade Tensions

As of February 2025, the United States announced a 25% tariff on all imports from Canada and Mexico. In retaliation, Canada immediately imposed equivalent tariffs, and Mexico is considering similar measures. citeturn0news14

Potential Impact on USD and JPY

Trade tensions can influence currency values through various channels:

  1. Investor Sentiment: Escalating trade disputes often lead to market uncertainty, prompting investors to seek safe-haven currencies like the JPY. This increased demand can strengthen the yen.
  2. Economic Growth: Tariffs can slow economic growth by increasing costs for businesses and consumers. If the U.S. economy slows relative to others, the USD might weaken.
  3. Interest Rate Policies: Central banks may adjust interest rates in response to economic slowdowns. If the Federal Reserve cuts rates to support the economy, the USD could depreciate.

USD/JPY Exchange Rate Forecasts

Analysts have varying projections for the USD/JPY exchange rate:

  • LongForecast anticipates the USD/JPY rate to reach 160 by March 2025, followed by fluctuations between 158 and 163 throughout the year. citeturn0search0
  • LiteFinance suggests a potential decline to around 140 in 2025, indicating a strengthening yen against the dollar. citeturn0search1

Conclusion

The trajectory of the USD and JPY will depend on the evolution of trade tensions and their economic repercussions. If disputes escalate, the yen may strengthen due to its safe-haven status, while the dollar could face downward pressure from reduced economic growth and potential interest rate cuts. Conversely, if tensions ease, the dollar might stabilize or appreciate. Given the mixed forecasts, it’s advisable to monitor ongoing developments closely.

 

ゼレンスキーとトランプとの会談が決裂

日本のニュースの翻訳が、必ずしも正しくないので、英語からみたほうがいいです。

Watch Trump and Zelenskyy’s full remarks during White House meeting　NBC News　チャンネル登録者数 1100万人

スクリプト（一部）

  1. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/feb/28/trump-zelenskyy-meeting-transcript
  2. https://globalnews.ca/news/11059529/transcript-trump-zelenskyy-vance-meeting/

自動文字起こし：

Trump: Well thank you very much it’s an honor to have President Zelensky of Ukraine and we’ve been working very hard very close so we’ve actually known each other for a long time we’ve been uh dealing with each other for a long time and very well uh we had little negotiations spat but that worked out great I think for for both countries I think for the world actually Beyond both countries and we have something that is a very fair deal and we look forward to getting in and digging digging digging and working and getting some of the rare earth but it  means we’re going to be inside and it’s a it’s a big commitment from the United States and we appreciate working with you very much and uh we will continue to do that we have had some very good  discussions with Russia I spoke with President Putin and we’re going to try and bring this to a close something that you want and that he wants we have to negotiate a deal but we’ve started the confines of a deal and I think something can happen uh the big thing is the uh number of soldiers mostly at this point but soldiers being killed you’re losing thousands of soldiers on both sides we’re losing a lot of soldiers and we want to see it stop and we want to see the money get put to different kinds of use like rebuilding the rebuilding and we’re going to be working very hard but we’ve had a lot of very good conversations I will say until we came 1:28 along the B did Administration didn’t speak to Russia whatsoever they didn’t speak to anybody they just allowed this 1:34 to continue and uh I will say that uh I’ll say in front of you you’ve heard me say 1:41 it a thousand times if I were president this war would have never happened we would have had a deal negotiated for you 1:46 without having to go through what you’ve gone through but you uh your soldiers 1:52 have been unbelievably Brave we’ve given them great equipment but they somebody has to use the equipment they’ve been 1:57 unbelievably Brave and we give them great credit uh this was supposed to be over very quickly and uh here we are 3 2:06 years later so I give tremendous credit to your generals and your soldiers and 2:12 yourself in the sense that uh it’s been very hard fighting very tough fighting 2:18 they have great Fighters and uh you have to be very proud of them from that standpoint but now we want to get it 2:24 over with it’s enough right we want to get it over with so uh it’s an honor to 2:29 have you here thank you very much for coming we’re going to sign uh the agreement at the conference in the East 2:36 room in a little while right after lunch and we’ll be having lunch together we’re 2:42 also discussing some other things and we appreciate everybody being here it’s a 2:47 somewhat of an exciting moment but the really exciting moment is where we get a when they stop the shooting and we end 2:53 up with the deal and I think we’re fairly close to getting that and uh an honor to have you and please you like to 3:00 say something yeah thank you so much Mr President thank you for invitation and 3:06 uh really I hope that this um document first document will be first step to 3:11 real security guarantees for Ukraine our people our children I really count on it 3:17 and of course we count that America will not stop support really for us is very important to support and to continue it 3:26 I want to discuss it with details further during our conversation and of course the infrastructure or 3:32 security guarantees because for today I understand what Europe is ready to do 3:37 and of course I want to discuss with you what United States will be ready to do and uh I really count on your strong 3:44 position to stop Putin and uh and you said that enough with the War I think 3:49 that is very important B to say these words to Putin at the very beginning at 3:54 the very beginning of War because he is a killer and terrorist but I hope that together we can stop him but for us is 4:01 very important to you know to save our country our values our freedom and 4:08 democracy and of course uh no compromises with the killer about our 4:13 territories but it will be later and of course I what I wanted you know we spoke about it by phone with you about the 4:20 Dron production we have very good Dron production I think the best one in the world for today because of the war yes 4:27 and uh of course we need very much the air defense you have the best air 4:33 defense in the world and really you help us under attacks of Russians and I want to speak how we can exchange the 4:40 licenses we’re open to share the licenses of all our drones with you of course with the United States and we 4:46 need licenses for quick production of air defense even after the war we need our nation to be calm that we’re secured 4:54 so that’s why we need this air shield and of course about this uh I want to 5:00 speak about the contingence I think that France and UK already spoke to you and 5:06 we know that Europe is ready but without the United States they will not be ready to be as strong as we need and uh the 5:15 last point last not least uh about exchange about our people and children 5:20 and you know that this crazy Russian that they stolen 20,000 of children Ukrainian children they changed their 5:27 names they changed their you know their families relatives and uh now they in 5:33 Russia we want to bring them back and really it’s a big big dream task and 5:38 goal for me and and the our Warriors we by the way Mr we brought we exchang we 5:46 yes released more than 4,000 Warriors from Russian prison but there are 5:52 thousands more in the prison I wanted to share with you some some images how how 5:58 it’s have just just can can I can I now yeah some minute one minute one minute 6:06 ijust you to understand what in what circumstances in what situation they are 6:11 and what the attitude of Russia to our prisoners that guys just you before 6:17 before and after and you see before and after just you to understand now thousands of such 6:24 guys ladies and men there and that so they don’t eat they beat them and they 6:30 you know it’s a a lot of a lot of you know bad things so out out of even 6:38 during the war There Are Rules everybody knows There are rules during the war these guys they don’t have any rules you 6:44 see that 50 60 kilg left and and a lot of such things and I didn’t want to show 6:52 you what what the changes with images of children because I will share just share 6:58 with you I mean it’s looking tragically y it’s tough stuff 7:03 yeah yeah I wanted very much to to give you and you you see this is Pastor by 7:09 the way they stolen pastors because it’s not Russian Church they stolen pastors and move pastors to the prison we at the 7:17 end of last year we we brought three pastors and we we could exchange them 7:24 this is Pastor you see yeah yeah so I mean this I wanted to 7:30 show you and U this so thank you very much we want to get that ended right yeah yeah of course of course we will 7:36 and I think we will I think we will and uh we have to of course do you have any 7:41 questions please Mr thank you Mr President um with the uh 7:48 how much money is the US going to put into the fund that that is being created today and how does this provide a long-term security for Ukraine well we 7:55 don’t know exactly how much because we’re going to be putting some money in a fund uh that we’re going to get from 8:01 the raw Earth that we’re going to be taking and uh sharing in terms of Revenue so it’s going to be a lot of 8:07 money we’ll be made from the sale and from the use of raw Earth and as you know our country doesn’t have much raw 8:13 Earth we have a lot of oil and gas but we don’t have a lot of the raw Earth and 8:19 what we do have is protected by the environmentalists but that could be unprotected but still it’s not very much 8:26 uh they have uh F among the best in the world World in terms of so we’re going 8:32 to be using that taking it using it for all of the things we do including Ai and 8:37 including weapons and the military and it’s uh really going to very much satisfy our needs so was something that 8:44 just worked out uh really well we have a lot of oil and we have a lot of gas we have a lot but we don’t have raar Earth 8:50 so uh this uh this has just about every component of the raw Earth that we need 8:56 for computers for all of the things we do is put in great shape and longterm security for 9:02 Ukraine I think they’re going to have great long I think once we make the agreement that’s going to be 95% of it 9:08 it’s they’re not going to go back to fighting uh I’ve spoken with President Putin and uh I think I mean I feel very strong I’ve known them for a long time and I feel very strongly that uh they’re very serious about it and we’ll make a 9:23 deal and when the deal is made I don’t think we talk about security everyone’s talking about the other day all they 9:28 talked about was security I said let me make the deal first I have to make the deal first I don’t worry about security 9:33 right now I got have to we have to have a deal cuz right now last week 2,000 soldiers died on both sides 2,000 and 9:41 they’re losing a th000 2,000 3,000 a week so as we sit here and we talk 9:47 people are getting shot and dying on the battlefield and you know they’re not American soldiers but they’re Russian 9:54 soldiers and they’re Ukrainian soldiers and we want to be able to stop it and we want able also to spend money on other 10:01 things we don’t want to this is a tremendous amount of money and what the Biden Administration did was terrible 10:07 they were giving money but he had no security on the money Europe as you know gave much less money but they had 10:13 security it was in the form of a loan they get their money back and we didn’t and now at least we’re protected because 10:20 the American taxpayer has to be protected too but uh this is an 10:25 incredible agreement for Ukraine because we have a big investment in their 10:31 country now and and what what they have very few people have and we’re able to 10:37 uh really go forward with very very high-tech things and many other things including Weaponry Weaponry that we’re 10:43 going to use in many locations but that we need for our country this allows this 10:49 allows us to do [Music] 10:54 this yes go ahead please I can just yeah 10:59 in the document there is one of the very important points uh if we speak about business and investment we never had L 11:07 terminals in Ukraine this document will open I mean the next documents but anyway the here we see in the framework 11:14 we see we see a really good will for this eny terminals for us is very important and I think for security of 11:22 European continent we have the biggest storage gas storage we have the biggest 11:27 in Europe yes it’s yeah and we can use it you get for LNG use it for for L and 11:34 we will do it and really we we can help Europe because Europe really helped president Trump said that they made uh 11:41 less support but they have our friends and they our very supportive uh Partners 11:47 they really gave a lot Mr really they did they gave a lot but they gave much 11:54 less no much less no no 12:04 [Music] uh Mr President Trump you have 12:10 repeatedly called the deal with Ukraine has as a historical one and as a 12:16 president of the United States you make historical decision in other issues which affect America and other world so 12:25 uh what place in the world history do you want to take and do you associate 12:31 your yourself with any famous historical 12:37 figures yeah I’d say George Washington Abraham Lincoln I would say I’m far 12:43 superior to George Washington and Abraham Lincoln now you know I’m only kidding right because when I say that 12:49 the fake news is going to go wild they’re going to say he considers himself to be better than Washington but 12:54 you never know you never know uh I don’t compare myself to anybody I just I’m 12:59 here to do a job we’ve had a great 35 days or whatever it might be a month a 13:05 little more than a month uh We’ve accomplished tremendous amounts not only 13:10 this this would be a very great achievement if we could get this the war stopped and get them back to 13:15 normalization I think that’s going to happen we’ve had very good talks on both sides as you know but uh I think we’ve 13:23 done a very good job just generally if you look at all of the things we’ve done in 30 days they’re saying there’s never 13:28 been a opening for a president the first month uh there’s never been a first 13:33 month like uh like we’ve had and this is one of the very important things this to me is one of the most important things 13:40 because we have tremendous death taking place as we speak and I don’t want to 13:45 have that you know think of the parents think of the whether they’re in Russia or Ukraine think of the parents of all 13:51 these people being killed needlessly they came to all it’s Earth should have never started this would if I were 13:58 president this would have never 14:04 started will you continue sending military aid to Ukraine after you uh the 14:11 US signs this agreement with Ukraine question presid zi do you feel like the 14:16 US is on your side that the president that President Trump is on your side at 14:23 this uh at this moment what do you think he wants to 14:28 know you think that sort of a stupid question I guess I guess we wouldn’t be 14:33 here if I wasn’t I think that I think that the United States on our side from the very 14:40 beginning of occupation and uh I think that President Trump on our side and and of course I 14:48 not I’m sure that United States President will not stop support this is 14:53 crucial for us it’s important for us yes and Putin president speaks about the 14:59 people and the soldiers which are dying but they came to our territory they came to our land they began this war and they 15:05 have to stop and uh I think all this is the question with really the most 15:11 important question can president Trump I hope yes with some other allies to stop 15:18 Putin withdraw these enemies our enem withdraw these troops from our land and 15:24 I think that you asked about the history about the I think that if president or 15:29 when he will stop Putin if president Trump will bring peace to our country I 15:34 think he will be on this wall good time we’ve had very very good uh 15:45 talks Mr President zinski just said that there would be no compromises with um 15:50 Vlad Putin um I just wanted to ask both of you firstly um are there compromises 15:57 that you think that president ziny is going to have to make and president zinsky is there anything that you might you think you may be able to offer or 16:03 bring to the table for example elections thank you I think you’re going to have to always make compromises you can’t do 16:09 any deals without compromises so certainly he’s going to have to make some compromises but hopefully they 16:14 won’t be as big as some people think you’re going to have to make that’s all that’s all we can do I’m here as a as an 16:21 arbitrator as a mediator to a certain extent between two parties that have uh 16:26 been very hostile to put it mildly they’ve been very hosle has been a vicious War it’s been a vicious War you 16:32 know it’s a very level Battlefield and uh those bullets go out and as I’ve said many times we’re talking about it with 16:38 Pete uh many times the only thing stopping those bullets is a human body 16:44 and in the case we’re talking about generally young human bodies are stopping a lot of bullets it’s dead 16:50 level that’s what why it’s great Farmland it’s great land it’s great Farmland but there’s very little 16:55 protection against the bullets that are being and other things that are being being shot so all I can do is see if I 17:02 can get everybody at the table and get an agreement and I think we’re going to end up with an agreement otherwise I 17:08 wouldn’t probably be even here 17:13 today Mr President I’ve got two questions for you you think ultimately your legacy will be The Peacemaker and 17:20 not the president that led this country into another war and ended Foreign Wars 17:25 and I’ve got a a question I hope it will I mean I hope I’m going to be uh remembered as a 17:32 peacemaker uh this is this would be a great thing if we could do this I’m doing this to save lives more than 17:38 anything else second is to save a lot of money but I consider that to be far less important so I hope I’m going to thank 17:44 you Brian for that question it was a nice question uh I hope I’ll be known and recognized as a peacemaker this this 17:50 would be a great thing to solve this is a very dangerous situation you know this could lead to a third world war this is 17:58 this was head headed in the wrong direction if this election were lost if 18:03 we didn’t win this election and by way we won it by a lot that was a mandate we won every swing state we won the popular 18:10 vote by millions and millions of votes we won everything uh the districts you look at the areas of of red take a look 18:17 at a map this was a big mandate and uh this was one of the things I said we’re 18:22 going to get this thing settled if we didn’t win I think this would have this could have very well ended up in a third 18:29 world war and that would not that would not have been a good situation what was your second question my second question 18:34 for president zalinski now do you ever why don’t you wear a suit you’re the highest why don’t you wear a suit you’re 18:41 the highest level in this country’s office and you refuse to wear a suit just want to see if you you own a suit 18:47 yeah you have problems I I a lot of Americans have problems with you not respecting the office uh I will wear 18:54 costume after this war will finish okay yes maybe maybe one maybe something like 19:01 yours yes maybe some something better I I don’t know we will see maybe something 19:07 cheaper than yeah thank 19:12 you thank you president Trump you said y presid are you going to send more arms to Ukraine in case there’s no peace yeah 19:20 we’re going to have arms to Ukraine yeah sure hopefully I won’t have to send very much because hopefully we’re going to 19:25 have it finished we’re looking forward to finishing this this quickly uh we’re not looking forward to sending a lot of 19:32 arms we’re looking forward to getting the war finished so we can uh do other things but uh we very much appreciate 19:39 the agreement because we needed what they had and we’re treating you know our country is now treated fairly Biden 19:46 didn’t do that Biden did he didn’t know what the hell he was doing this should have never happened this should have never started but uh you know sure the 19:54 answer is yes but hopefully we won’t have to send much because I looking forward to get it done getting it done 20:01 quickly very quickly does that provide security guarantees Mr President uh I don’t want to talk about security yet 20:08 because I want to get the deal done you know you fall into the same trap like everybody else a million times you say 20:13 it over and over I want to get the deal done security is so easy that’s about 2% 20:18 of the problem uh I’m not worried about security I’m worried about getting the deal done uh the security is the easy 20:24 part security is very nice everybody stopped shooting and now with Europe put people there I know France is going to I 20:31 know the UK is going to I know other countries are going to and they happen to be right next door we haven’t 20:37 committed but we could conceivably you know we have Security in a different form we’ll have workers there uh digging 20:43 digging digging taking the raw Earth so that we can create a lot of great product in this country uh so in that 20:51 sense you have something but we haven’t determined that yet I will say uh in speaking to France and in speaking to 20:58 the and they were here as you know last week and just the other day uh they have 21:03 committed to a lot of security I don’t think you’re going to need much security I think once this deal gets done it’s 21:10 over Russia’s not going to want to go back and nobody’s going to want to go back when this when this deal ends I 21:16 really believe this deal is is going to be over uh question yeah please go ahead 21:22 go ahead Mr President thank you uh you had mcon and K starmer at the White House this past week both of whom 21:28 praised your courage and conviction to lead the pathway towards peace part of that involved though re-engaging Russia 21:35 in diplomatic relations something that previous leaders lacked the conviction to do so what gave you the moral courage 21:40 and conviction to step forward and Lead that well I love this guy who are you with one American News sir well that’s 21:47 why I like him one American News does a great job that’s very I like the question I think it’s a very good 21:52 question it is it’s a pathway to peace it’s a pathway to getting something 21:57 solved and I feel that as the head of this country I have an obligation to do that 22:03 plus you know we’re very much involved we got involved uh it’s too bad we got 22:08 involved because there should have been no involvement because there should have been no war and there shouldn’t have been October 7th that would have never 22:15 happened as you know Iran was broke they had no money to give to Hezbollah they had no money to give to Hamas they would 22:22 Stone Cold broke and then under Biden they became rich as hell they went from 22:28 no money to $300 billion in a period of four years and 22:34 they gave a lot of that money away and you see what happened and that’s a real mess also that we hope to be able to 22:40 solve but uh no I I appreciate your question very much I just I feel I have an obligation to try and uh do something 22:48 to stop the death I I can answer yes I can answer 22:53 sorry please please and I do like your clothing though yeah really even though I have 22:59 I think he’s a great guy by the way but I I don’t know if you two like each other but you know what I think he’s 23:05 think I like this guy I don’t know I think he justess beautiful so I have more I have more serious things than 23:11 answer on such question I will answer on more serious question if I can yeah so 23:17 please uh about security guarantees and about just ceas fire we can’t just speak 23:22 about his fire and speak and speak it will not work just this fire will not 23:27 never work because I’m like a president I have I have this experience and not 23:33 only me Ukraine before before my presidency from the 2014 Putin broken 25 23:39 times 25 times he broken his own signature 25 times he 23:47 broken C fire it he never broke to me he never broke to no no you were the president you were the president in 2016 23:55 you been the president Mr Mr President you’ve been the president but he for he had of course not with you but he had 24:01 during those period he had conversations with our side and we had Norm for format 24:07 you know that France Germany Ukraine and Russia and he broken 25 times that’s why 24:12 we will never accept just his fire it will not work without security guarantees 24:18 security guarantees maybe president is right about this document and other but 24:24 this document is not enough strong Army is enough because his soldiers afraid Putin soldiers afraid of our soldiers 24:30 when we’re strong enough if we are not strong enough if we are empty if our stor is empty we can’t defend our our 24:38 land today you know he knows that we have me all the world knows that we have meeting yes why he’s using ballistic 24:46 Putin today using ballistic on our Hospital schools and Etc ballistic so he 24:51 knows that we are here and that President Trump is really have good will to stop to stop this war 24:58 and I and you hear now the president so why he’s using so he doesn’t want to stop he doesn’t want but I hope that we 25:05 will do it really we’ll do it security when we speak about security guarantees when the Europeans are ready for 25:12 contingence they need USA back stop if 25:17 there will not be United States we will not never have any contigent strong contigent from the Europeans because 25:23 they don’t want to divide Airlines connection between the United States and the Main and strongest s and Europeans 25:32 this is crucial this is important that what we want to speak about very much this is very important and they our 25:40 defense so in our defense really we have big deficit with all these systems and 25:45 we need to provide this we we need it very much otherwise Putin will never 25:50 stop and will go further and further he doesn’t want he he hate us you know it’s 25:56 not about me he hate ukrainians he thinks that we are not a nation he thinks and he shared the SWS I think 26:03 maybe with your team also I don’t know but with all the Europeans in media officially and not he always said that 26:09 we there is no such country such Nation such language and such life like 26:15 Ukrainian no he really doesn’t respect all the ukrainians and he wants destroy 26:23 us we we and you are right Mr President that’s 2% this document maybe other documents it’s 26:31 a very good Star very good but it will not enough to stop this person 26:38 R Mr Question this is the rule this is the 26:46 rule of the war this is the rule of the war during all the centuries all the history this is the rule of the war who 26:53 began those pay this is the rule Putin began this war he has to pay all money for 27:00 renovation he has to pay of course some Russian assets what we have in Europe 27:07 about 300 billions we can use them we can use for renovation and buy military 27:12 support from the United States also we can do it but it’s not enough 27:18 it’s C enion the trilateral wait one second I want I ask 27:25 this question that you didn’t like because I wanted to know if you want to position yourself in the middle between 27:32 Russia and Ukraine or on the Ukraine no I’m in the middle I want to solve this thing I’m for I’m for both I want to get 27:39 it solved and uh it’s wonderful to speak badly about somebody else but uh I want 27:47 to get it solved if we can solve it great if we can’t solve it they’re going to have to fight it out and who knows 27:52 what’s going to happen but I want to see it get solved may I follow up one more question I US troops in Europe uh after 28:01 Russian invasion of Ukraine uh your predecessor sent additional troops to 28:06 Eastern Europe including Poland my country are you committed to keeping 28:11 this troops on the Eastern flank of NATO uh in the future I’m very committed 28:19 to Poland I think Poland is really stepped up and done a great job for NATO they as you know they paid more than 28:25 they had to they are one of the finest groups of people I’ve ever known uh I’m 28:31 very committed to Poland what about B Poland’s in a tough neighborhood you know what about B the baltics uh the 28:38 baltics uh they got a lot of it’s a tough neighborhood too but we’re 28:44 committed we’re going to be very committed and we’re committed to Nato but NATO has to step up and the 28:49 Europeans have to step up more than they have and I want to see them equalize because they are in for far less than 28:55 we’re in and they should be at least equal you understand that why is the United 29:01 States we have an ocean in between why is the United States in for so much more money and other things as Europe with 29:08 that being said as you said they’ve also been obviously very helpful but we have 29:13 put in far more than they have and I think they should equalize Mr 29:20 President about the agreement again today what changed between the first time that secretary bessin gave 29:25 president zalinsky the agreement and today for the sign we made a deal so I’m 29:31 just I’m I’m a business person we made a deal that’s what changed I didn’t think we were going to 29:37 make a deal and uh we ended up making the deal so that change Mr President 29:42 what and how do you envision a trilateral summit with president zinsky and Putin I don’t know but well they 29:48 don’t like each other I can tell you that they do not like each other this is not a love match and it’s unfortunate 29:55 that’s why you’re in this situation the United States should not have allowed this to happen Okay the United 30:03 States run by a man that didn’t know much I’m going to be very nice run by an 30:11 incompetent person very incompetent person should never have allowed this to happen I’ve stopped Wars I’ve stopped 30:18 many wars my people will tell you I stopped Wars that nobody ever heard about I stopped Wars before they ever 30:24 started you can look at some of uh some of I could give you a lot of Nations 30:29 that would tell you right now they were probably going to war I could tell you right now there’s a nation thinking 30:34 about going to war on something that nobody in this room has ever even heard about two smaller Nations but big still 30:41 big and I I think I’ve stopped it but this should have never happened about uh 30:48 about sorry just a second uh about the any negotiations the first of all I want 30:54 I want really to tell you and I think that everybody understands that Ukraine more than ukrainians nobody 31:01 want to stop this war but at the future any negotiations it’s understandable 31:07 that two uh sides of the war not Russia and the United States because this is 31:13 not the war between Russia and the United States This Is War of Russia against Ukraine and Ukrainian people so 31:20 these two sides will be at the any anyway will be at the negotiation and 31:26 negotiation table then of course you United States like the strongest partner 31:31 of the Ukraine and of course Europe I think Europe is very important I want to 31:36 speak about it with the president yes Europe is very important for us because we really defend Europe for today all 31:43 Europeans are really recognized that we are defending line and they have real 31:49 life and our people are dying that’s why they helped us and also it’s about the 31:55 need yes between like the president said you have big nice ocean yes between us 32:03 but if we will not stay Russia will go further to baltics and to Poland by the 32:08 way but first to the baltics it’s understandable for them because they’ve been they’ve been in the USSR you know 32:16 they they’ve been one of the republics of the USSR and Putin wants to bring them back to his Empire it’s a fact and 32:24 when he will go there if we will not stay you will fight you you’re American 32:29 soldiers it doesn’t matter do you have Ocean or not your soldiers will fight Mr 32:35 President would you be willing to visit Ukraine maybe K or Odessa which is known to be a the of black SE it was my 32:41 question I’m sorry I don’t want to talk about Odessa now let’s not talk about 32:46 Odessa I want to talk about making a deal getting peace we don’t have to talk about Odessa but a lot of cities have 32:53 been destroyed a lot of cities that are not recognizable there’s not a building standing no and a lot of a lot of come Mr you have to come and to look no no no we have very good cities yes a lot of 33:07 things been destroyed but mostly cities alive and people work and children go to 33:13 school sometimes it’s very difficult sometimes closer to Front Line children have to go to underground schools or 33:20 online but we live Ukraine is fighting and Ukraine lives this is very important 33:27 and maybe it’s put is sharing this information that he destroyed us no he lost 33:32 700,000 people 700,000 soldiers he lost ever SE 33:38 yes Mr when did you last speak with 33:45 President Putin and what did he say that couple of days ago and what what did he tell you that gave you the assurance that he wanted peace well that’s what I 33:52 do my whole life is deals I know pretty good uh and I really I uh I’ve known him 33:59 for a long time I’ve dealt with him for a long time he had to suffer through the uh Russia hoax you know Russia Russia 34:05 rushia it was a hoax it was all Biden it was nothing to do with him so he had to suffer through that and he he was able 34:12 to do that uh I think that uh he wants to make a deal and he like to see it end 34:18 that’s all I do that’s what I do my whole life that’s what I do is make deals I’m in the middle of a mess 34:24 because this is a real mess it’s a very dangerous one if this doesn’t get solved now it’s not 34:31 going to get solved for a long time so I hope we’re going to I hope we’re going to get it solved in the back please thank you Mr President uh prime minister 34:37 Stormer Clint repeatedly that his government believes in free speech and do not engaged in censorship uh but his 34:43 country’s government arrest people for memes and thought crimes and even more worrisome is pressuring uh American 34:50 companies to to to censer Americans on his behalf um how can he be a reliable 34:55 trustworthy partner when he says those that are demonstrably false on such an important well we actually spoke to him 35:01 about that yesterday and we thought they took it very very much too far JD was 35:07 very strong on it so was I so was Marco and we’ve been speaking to him about it 35:12 Marco would you like to say something about we we we have concerns obviously with the conduct of there particularly 35:17 as it impacts Americans and there’s real concern that American speech which is online could fall into the hands of 35:24 British or any country’s jurisdiction and so this is a point the vice president president made at Munich and and I think it’s a very compelling one 35:30 that what unites us with Europe as much as anything else is these shared values and one of them being free speech and so 35:36 if Americans are threatened by it we’re going to need to take action in that 35:42 regard it’s actually a very important question we we spoke about this in detail with the Prime Minister and the 35:47 foreign secretary and others at at lunch yesterday and I know that Secretary of Commerce lutnick followed up in private 35:54 meetings last night this is really important we believe believe Americans have the right to speak their mind even 36:00 if we in this room disagree with them they have the right to speak their mind in the Public Square which is often 36:05 online these days and we’re going to defend that right as it pertains to American companies and American citizens 36:10 vigorously if we have to I do think that under the president’s leadership we’re going to find common ground with our 36:16 friends in the UK on this question but it remains to be seen the principle that will guide us is we believe in free 36:23 speech in this country and we’ll fight for it for American citizens Mr is there 36:28 any other oil and gas components to the deal is it all a little bit we’ll see on L but we’re not really looking for that 36:34 so much we got a lot we have more than anybody in the world by far so no we’re not talking about it too much but a 36:40 little bit I think it it it affects also but uh for the most part no and Sir is 36:46 there any uh agreement from uh Ukraine to purchase uh us LNG as part of the 36:52 deal the table no we don’t need that I just wanted to ask you about you just 36:57 mentioned that you’d spoken to Vladimir Putin a couple of days ago just to be clear that’s a new call not the one that 37:03 you I’ve spoken to him on numerous occasions okay and how was the latest call what did you 37:09 discuss how did it go are you serious with that question it went well I think I think 37:16 we’re going to have a deal on the minerals deal Mr President some of those minerals are in the east of Ukraine not far from the front lines and in areas 37:23 that Russia has occupied will you direct President Putin to to draw his forces from those areas if you’re there’s us 37:29 interest well we’ll take a look at at the time we have a lot of area uh it’s a very big area we’re talking about so 37:36 we’ll take a look I’ll study that and I’ll see and who would protect those minerals if if they are us interest 37:41 would that be Ukrainian they’ll be protected the agreement will protect him the agreement yeah we’re signing an 37:46 agreement what if Russia tries to invade or or there’s Russian aggression in their spot I just told you I don’t think 37:52 that’s going to happen and if that were going to happen I wouldn’t make a deal if I thought that was going to happen I wouldn’t make a deal some people may 37:58 wonder why you know they ought to focus on CNN on Survival not asking me these 38:03 ridiculous questions focus on Surviving because CNN’s got such low ratings I don’t think 38:08 they’re going to survive let’s go is already I already mentioned Poland 38:16 uh Poland was under Russian control for decades after the second world war when 38:22 I was a kid I looked at the United States not only as a most powerful 38:28 country richest country in the world the country that has great music great movies great muscle cars but also as a 38:36 Force for good do you and now I’m talking with my friends in Poland and 38:41 they they are worried that you align yourself too much with P what’s your message for 38:49 them well if I didn’t align myself with both of them you’d never have a deal you 38:55 want me to say uh really terrible things about Putin and then say hi Vladimir how 39:00 are we doing on the deal that doesn’t work that way I’m not aligned with Putin I’m not aligned with anybody I’m aligned 39:06 with the United States of America and for the good of the world I’m aligned with the world and I want to get this 39:13 thing over with you see the hatred he’s got for Putin it’s very tough for me to make a deal with that kind of he’s got 39:18 tremendous hatred and I understand that but I can tell you the other side isn’t exactly in love with you know him either 39:27 uh so it’s not a question of alignment I have I’m aligned with the world I want 39:32 to get the things set i’m aligned with Europe I want to see if we can get this thing done you want me to be tough I 39:40 could be tougher than any human being you’ve ever seen I’d be so tough but you’re never going to get a deal that 39:46 way so that’s the way it goes all one more question I would to respond to this so 39:51 look for four years in the United States of America we had a president who stood up at press conferences and talked tough 39:57 about Vladimir Putin and then Putin invaded Ukraine and destroyed a significant chunk of the country the 40:04 path to peace and the path to Prosperity is maybe engaging in diplomacy we tried 40:10 the pathway of Joe Biden of thumping our chest and pretending that the president of the United States’s words mattered 40:18 more than the president of the United States’s actions what makes America a good country is America engaging in 40:24 diplomacy that’s what president Trump is doing can I ask you sure yeah yeah okay so he occupied it uh 40:34 our parts big parts of Ukraine part of East and Crimea uh so he occupied it on 40:42 2014 so during a lot of years I’m not speaking about just Biden but those time 40:49 was Obama then President Obama then president Trump then President Biden now 40:55 president Trump and God bless now president Trump will stop him but during 2014 nobody stopped him he just occupied 41:03 and took he killed people you know what the contact 2015 2014 2014 and 2015 2014 yeah so I 41:11 was not here yeah exactly right yes but during 2014 till 41:17 2022 you the was the situation the same that people are been dying on the 41:22 contact line nobody stopped him you know that we had conversations with him a lot 41:28 of conversation my bilateral conversation and we signed with him me like a new president in 2019 I signed 41:36 with him the deal I signed with him macron and Merkel we sign ceasefire 41:43 ceasefire all of them told me that he will never go we signed him gas contract 41:51 gas contract yes but after that he broken this his fire he killed our 41:56 people and he didn’t exchange prisoners we signed the exchange of prisoners but 42:01 he didn’t do it

hat kind of diplomacy JD you are speaking about what what you 42:08 what you what do you mean I’m talking about the kind of diplomacy that’s going to end the destruction of your country 42:13 Mr President Mr President with respect I think it’s disrespectful for you to come into the Oval Office and try to litigate this in front of the American Media  right now you guys are going around and forcing conscripts to the front lines because you have Manpower problems you 42:26 should be thanking the president for trying to bring it into this conf you been to Ukraine that you say what 42:32 problems we have I have been to come I’ve actually I’ve actually watched and 42:37 seen the stories and I know what happens is you bring people you bring them on a propaganda tour Mr President are do you 42:44 disagree that you’ve had problems bringing people into your military and do you think that it’s respectful to come to the Oval Office of the United States of America and attack the administration that is trying to trying 42:55 to prevent the destruction of your a lot of a lot of questions let’s start from the beginning first of all during the 43:01 war everybody has problems even you but you have nice ocean and don’t feel now but you will feel it in the future. God bless you don’t know God bless God bless you will not war don’t tell us what we’re going to feel we’re trying to solve a problem don’t tell us what we’re 43:18 going to feel I’m not telling you because you’re no position to dictate that you’re in no position to dictate what we’re going to feel. We’re going to feel very good feel influence we’re going to feel very good and very strong  you will feel influence you’re right now not in a very good position you’ve allowed yourself to be in a very bad 43:38 position and he’s happens to be right about from the very beginning of the world you’re not in a good position you don’t have the cards right now with us you start having cards right now you don’t you’re playing cards you’re playing you’re gambling with the lives of millions of people you’re gambling with World War I you’re gambling with 43:58 World War I and what you’re doing is very dis disrespectful to the country 44:04 this country far more than a lot of people said they should have have you said 44:10 thank you once this entire meeting no in this entire me have you said thank you you went to Pennsylvania and campaign 44:16 for the opposition in October offer some words of appreciation for the United States of America and the president 44:23 who’s trying to save your country please you think that if you will speak 44:30 very loudly about the war you can he’s not speaking loudly he’s not speaking loudly your country is in big trouble 44:36 can I wait a minute no no you’ve done a lot of talking your country is in big trouble I know you’re not winning you’re 44:42 not winning this I you have a damn good chance of coming out okay because of us Mr President we are staying in our 44:48 country staying strong from the very beginning of the war we’ve been alone and we are thankful I said thanks in 44:55 this cabinet in this we gave you through this stupid president $350 billion we 45:02 gave you military equipment and you men are brave but they had to use our military if you didn’t have our military 45:09 equipment if you didn’t have our military equipment this war would have been over in two weeks in three days I 45:16 heard it from Putin in three days this is something in two weeks of course yes 45:21 it’s going to be a very hard thing to do business like this tell you just say thank you 45:27 except except except that there are disagreements and let’s go litigate those disagreements rather than trying 45:34 to fight it out in the American Media when you’re wrong we know that you’re wrong but you see I think it’s good for 45:39 the American people to see what’s going on I think it’s very important that’s why I kept this going so 45:45 long you have to be thankful you don’t have the cards you’re buried there you’re you’re people are dying you’re running low on soldiers listen you’re running low on soldiers it would be a 45:57 damn good thing and then you then you tell us I don’t want to cease fire I don’t want to cease fire I want to go 46:03 and I want to this look if you could get a ceasefire right now I tell you you 46:08 take it so the bullets stop Flying and you me stop getting killed of course we want to stop the war but I saying you 46:14 don’t want to CE I said to you I want a ceas fire guar because you’ll get a ceasefire faster than it agre ask how 46:19 are people about ceasefire what they think that wasn’t for you that wasn’t with me that was with a a guy Nam name 46:27 Biden who was not a smart person that was that was with ob it was your pres excuse me that was with Obama who gave 46:34 you sheets and I gave you javelins yes I gave you the javelins to take out all those tanks Obama gave you sheets in 46:42 fact the statement is Obama gave sheets and Trump gave javelins you got to be more thankful 46:49 because let me tell you you don’t have the cards with us you have the cards but without us you don’t have any cards one more question question to Mr Vice President I’m sorry going to be a tough deal to make because the attitudes have 47:03 to change what if Russia breaks this what if Russia breaks talks what do we 47:10 do then understand that it’s a what are you saying she’s asking what 47:16 if Russia breaks the ceasefire what if they what if anything what if a bomb drops on your head right now okay what 47:23 did they broke it I don’t know they broke it with Biden because Biden they didn’t respect him they didn’t respect 47:29 Obama they respect me let me tell you Putin went through a hell of a lot with 47:35 me he went through a phony Witch Hunt where they used him and Russia Russia 47:40 Russia Russia you ever hear of that deal that was a phony that was a phony Hunter Biden Joe Biden scam Hillary Clinton 47:48 Shifty Adam Schiff it was a Democrat scam and he had to go through that and 47:53 he did go through it we didn’t end up in a war and he went through it he was accused of all that stuff he had nothing 47:59 to do with it it came out of Hunter Biden’s bathroom it came out of Hunter 48:04 Biden’s bedroom it was disgusting and then they said oh oh the laptop from 48:11 hell was made by Russia the 51 agents the whole thing was a scam and he had to 48:18 put up with that he was being accused of all that stuff all I can say is this he 48:24 might have broken deals with Obama and Bush and he might have broken him with Biden he did maybe maybe he didn’t I 48:30 don’t know what happened but he didn’t break him with me he wants to make a deal I don’t know if you can make a deal 48:36 the problem is I’ve empowered you to be a tough guy and I don’t think you’d be a 48:42 tough guy without the United States and your people are very brave but you’re either going to make a deal or we’re out 48:49 and if we’re out you’ll fight it out I don’t think it’s going to be pretty but you’ll fight it out but you don’t have the cards but once we sign that deal you’re in a much better position but you’re not acting at all thankful and 49:03 that’s not a nice thing I’ll be honest that’s not a nice thing all right uh I think we’ve seen enough what do you 49:09 think huh this is this is going to be great television I will say 49:15 that we’ll see what we can do about putting it together 49:26 we’ll 49:34 see guys come on thanks for watching stay updated 49:40 about breaking news and top stories on the NBC News app or follow us on social 49:45 media

the researchかresearchか

scientific researchか、the scientific researchかで悩みました。つまりtheをつけるべきかどうかというのがポイントです。ChatGPTの答えは、

Generally, when referring to research in a broad, general sense, the article “the” is unnecessary. Adding “the” tends to imply a specific, previously defined body of research, which doesn’t seem to be your intent here.

つまり特定の研究を指すわけでなければ、不要とのことでした。

日本の科学技術政策における「選択と集中」は英語で？”selection and concentration”

日本の科学技術政策における「選択と集中」は英語で何というのでしょうか？直訳すると、”selection and concentration”が思い浮かびますが、英語でこの言葉を聞いてもあまりピンときません。もともとの日本語の意味は、日本政府が重点的に助成すべき事業の領域を選択し、そこに大きな金額を投資するという内容です。evaluationも浮かびましたが、どれだけちゃんと評価しているのかも怪しいので、やはりselectionの方が意味が広くて合っているかなと思います。重点的な投資は、focusも浮かびますが、どうなんでしょう。内容的にはprioritizationもハマりそうですが、優先付けして傾斜配分するわけではなくて、選ばれたものだけに配分するので、ちょっと意味がズレるかと思いました。

実際のところどう訳されているのか、調べてみました。文科省のサイトに科学技術白書の英語版がありましたが、そこではselection and concentrationという言葉が使われていました。

As Fiscal 2006 is the first year of the Third Science and Technology Basic Plan, the Fiscal 2006 guidelines aim at strategic priority setting based on thorough implementation of “selection and concentration” in compliance with the directions such as 1.science and technology to be supported by the public and to benefit society, 2.concepts of the Third Science and Technology Basic Plan and policy goals, 3.importance of human resource development and the competitive environment – shift in emphasis from “hard” to “soft”, e.g. human resources; greater significance of individuals at institutions. https://www.mext.go.jp/en/publication/whitepaper/title03/detail03/sdetail03/sdetail03/1372930.htm

  1. White Paper on Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology　https://www.mext.go.jp/en/publication/whitepaper/

次に内閣府の文書。やはり同様にselection and concentrationという言葉が使われています。内容の説明としてはprioritized areasという表現です。

 In order to enhance strategic R&D through selection and concentration, the Council will promote inter-sectoral prioritization, while formulating the Promotion Strategies for Prioritized Areas that indicate important R&D issues.　https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/basic/3rd-BP2006-2010-chapter5.html

文科省が訳した科学技術基本計画の英語版。

Selection of “Strategic Prioritized S&T”

The third basic plan intends to enhance its strategy through selection and concentration.

This type of S&T is selected in consideration of selection and concentration for R&D projects to establish stable international competitiveness, based on a competition strategy that is in compliance with the appropriate international benchmark.

The 21st Century COE Program is currently being developed as a part of structural reforms of
universities through national, public, and private universities. It is fitting to plan for further
development in a more full and evolved way by implementing a stricter selection of focus based on the evaluation and validation of the program.

https://www.mext.go.jp/component/english/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/02/22/1302491_011.pdf

  1. 科学技術基本法　e-gov https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/407AC1000000130/

couldとwas able to は全然意味が違う！【日本人が間違えやすい英語】

学校英語だと書き変え問題でcan を be able to にするというのをよくやったと思います。現在形で使う分にはそれほど差がなくて互換性がありますが、過去形で使ったときには、明確な違いがありますので、互換性が無くなります。

He could escape the room yesterday.「彼は昨日その部屋から逃げる能力があった」→ 実際に逃げたかは不明

上の例文をニュアンスも含めて訳すなら「彼は昨日その部屋から脱出することは可能だった。」（可能だったが脱出しなかった　の意味にもなりえる）

He was able to escape the room yesterday.「彼は昨日実際にその部屋から逃げることができた」→ 実際に成功した

上の例文をニュアンスも含めて訳すなら「彼は昨日その部屋から脱出することに成功した。」

“could” は 「能力があった」 という意味のほかに、 「可能性があった」 というニュアンスも持っています。 “was able to” は一度きりの成功を強調 “could” は 一般的な能力 を表すのに適しています。過去の特定の機会に 「実際に成功した」 ことを表現するには “was able to” のほうが自然です。

You are the hero. 早稲田アカデミーの広告のキャッチフレーズの冠詞はtheか？aか？

電車の車内広告で、早稲田アカデミーが受験勉強を頑張ってきてこれから受験に臨む子供への応援メッセージの広告を打っており、そこではYou are the hero. という言葉が使われています。これを読んで、a heroじゃないの？と思いました。受験生はたくさんいて、一人ひとりがみなheroなんだからという疑問です。ChatGPTに訊いてみました。

自分：You are the hero. って英語あってる？冠詞はtheでいいの？

ChatGPT:「You are the hero.」は文法的に正しいですが、状況によって the が適切かどうかが変わります。

冠詞の使い分け

  1. You are the hero.（あなたが英雄だ。）
    • 「特定の状況における唯一の英雄」を指す場合に適切。
    • 例: 「この試合を勝利に導いたのは君だ！」→ You are the hero of this game!
    • 物語や特定の状況で、「唯一の英雄」として強調したいときに the を使う。
  2. You are a hero.（あなたは英雄の一人だ。）
    • 「英雄の一人として称える」場合に適切。
    • 例: 「あなたもまた偉大な英雄の一人です。」→ You are a hero among many.
    • ヒーローは他にもいるけど、あなたも素晴らしい、というニュアンス。

結論

どちらを使うかは文脈次第！

  • 「あなたこそが英雄だ！」→ “You are the hero!”（特定の状況での唯一の英雄）
  • 「あなたは英雄だよ！」→ “You are a hero!”（一般的に英雄的な行動をした）

もし物語や特定のシチュエーションで「唯一の英雄」として言いたいなら the でOK！
ただ単に「君は英雄だよ」と言いたいなら a が自然です。

 

自分：受験生への応援メッセージなんだけど。よく勉強を今までがんばったね、みたいな。

ChatGPT:　受験生への応援メッセージなら、「You are the hero.」 でも伝わりますが、少し強すぎる印象になるかもしれません。もう少し自然で温かい表現を考えると、以下のようになります。

おすすめの表現

  1. “You are a hero for all the effort you’ve put in!”
    →「今まで努力してきた君は立派な英雄だよ！」
  2. “You’ve worked so hard. You’re amazing!”
    →「本当によく頑張ってきたね。君はすごいよ！」
  3. “Believe in yourself. You’ve come this far, and that’s incredible!”
    →「自分を信じて。ここまで来れたこと自体がすごいことだよ！」
  4. “No matter what happens, you should be proud of yourself!”
    →「結果がどうであれ、自分を誇りに思っていいよ！」
  5. “You’ve already done your best. Now go and shine!”
    →「もう十分がんばったよ。あとは輝くだけ！」

もし 「You are the hero.」 を使いたいなら、少しアレンジして： “You are the hero of your own story.”
「君は君自身の物語のヒーローだよ。」
とすれば、より受験生への応援らしくなります！

頑張る受験生に温かく寄り添うメッセージを選ぶと良いですね

 

自分：You are the hero. か、you are a hero.のどちらかにするとしたら？広告なんだけど。

ChatGPT:　広告で使うなら、「You are the hero.」 の方がインパクトがあって響きがいいです。

理由

✅ 「The hero」 は「唯一の英雄」という強いメッセージを持つので、受験生一人ひとりを特別な存在として称えるのに適している。
✅ 「君こそが主人公だ！」のようなキャッチコピー的な響きがある。

例: ✨ “You are the hero. Believe in yourself!”
✨ “You are the hero. Your journey has led you here.”
✨ “You are the hero. Go and make history!”

「You are a hero.」だと「たくさんいる英雄のうちの一人」という印象になってしまうので、広告なら 「You are the hero.」 がベストです！

 

というわけで、広告で使う場合は、the heroが良いという結論でした。文脈や使われる状況次第で冠詞が何が適切かは変わってくるというわけです。

不定詞の否定not to +動詞か、 to not +動詞か？ニュアンスの違い

中学英語では不定詞の否定は no to 動詞　の語順になると習いましたが、実際には　to not 動詞　の語順を見かけます。これはどういうことでしょうか？じつは、実際の英語では両方の語順が使われています。しかし、同じではありません。

ChatGPTで確かめておきましょう。

“not to (verb)” と “to not (verb)” の違いは微妙ですが、文法的にはどちらも正しい表現です。ただし、英語のニュアンスやスタイルによって使い分けが見られます。

1. “not to (verb)” の特徴

  • 形式ばった表現やフォーマルな文脈で使われることが多い。
  • 「～しないように」と意図や目的を強調する際に使われます。
  • なめらかで自然な響きがあるため、日常会話や文書でもよく使われます。

例文:

  • I told him not to touch the vase.
    （彼にその花瓶に触らないように言った。）
  • Please try not to be late.
    （遅刻しないようにしてください。）

2. “to not (verb)” の特徴

  • 否定の強調が必要な場合に使われることがある。
  • 強調したい「否定」部分を意識的に前面に出すことで、話し手の感情や意図を際立たせる表現です。
  • 文脈によってはやや砕けた印象を与えることもありますが、強調目的なら有効です。

例文:

  • I want to not miss this opportunity.
    （このチャンスを逃したくないんです。）
  • She decided to not go to the party.
    （彼女はそのパーティーに行かないことに決めた。）

3. ニュアンスと使い分け

  • フォーマルさ: “not to (verb)” のほうがより一般的で形式的。
  • 強調の位置: “to not (verb)” は否定そのものを強調したいときに使う。
  • リズムとスタイル: 文の流れや響きによってどちらを使うか選ばれることもあります。たとえば、詩的な表現やスピーチではリズムに応じて使い分けられることがあります。

4. どちらを使うべきか迷ったら？

  • 一般的には “not to (verb)” を選ぶのが無難です。
  • 否定を強調したい場合や、文のリズム的に「to not」が適していると感じたらそちらを選んでも構いません。

まとめ: 「not to」は標準的で自然な響きがある一方、「to not」は否定を強調したいときや特別なニュアンスを込めたいときに効果的です。文脈や目的に応じて柔軟に使い分けるのがポイントです！

LA山火事、SNSに陰謀論　マスク氏同調、中傷も の英語訳

ヤフーニュースに「LA山火事、SNSに陰謀論　マスク氏同調、中傷も」という記事ありました。英訳するとどうなるでしょうか。ChatGPTと一緒に考えてみました。

あなた:英訳して　LA山火事、SNSに陰謀論　マスク氏同調、中傷も

ChatGPT:LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories on social media, Musk echoes them, criticism ensues

あなた:ensueの意味？

ChatGPT:“ensue” の意味は、「（結果として）続く、起こる」ということです。

具体的には、ある出来事や状況の結果として次に起こることを指します。

例文

  1. The debate ensued after the controversial announcement.
    （物議を醸す発表の後、議論が続いた。）
  2. Chaos ensued when the fire alarm went off during the concert.
    （コンサート中に火災報知器が鳴り、混乱が続いた。）

LA山火事の文脈での使い方

「中傷も続いた」や「批判が続いた」というニュアンスを簡潔に表すために “ensues” を使っています。

例えば：

  • Criticism ensues.
    （批判が続く／起こる。）
あなた:中傷　はcriticism（批判）とは違うんじゃないの？
ChatGPT:確かに、「中傷」と「批判」ではニュアンスが異なります。適切な英訳をするためには、この違いを正確に反映する言葉を選ぶ必要があります。

「批判 (criticism)」と「中傷 (slander/defamation)」の違い

  • 批判 (criticism)
    • 客観的、建設的な意見や指摘を含む。
    • 例: 「その政策には改善が必要だ」という指摘。
    • 英語: criticism / commentary
  • 中傷 (slander/defamation)
    • 主観的、悪意を持った誹謗や嘘の発言。
    • 例: 「彼はひどい人間だ」と事実無根の悪口を言うこと。
    • 英語: slander / defamation / personal attacks

今回の文脈での適切な訳語

「中傷も」という表現は、陰謀論に同調することで引き起こされた、誹謗中傷や攻撃的な発言を指していると考えられます。この場合、以下の単語が適切です：

  • personal attacks（個人的な攻撃）
  • slander（誹謗中傷）
  • defamation（名誉毀損）

修正した翻訳例

LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories on social media, Musk echoes them, personal attacks follow.
（LAの山火事がSNSで陰謀論を引き起こし、マスク氏がそれに同調。中傷も続いた。）

「personal attacks」は、直接的に「中傷」のニュアンスを伝えられる表現です。また、「follow（続く）」にすることで、事態が引き起こされた流れを明確にしています。

いかがでしょうか？

あなた:最後、語呂が悪いね。
ChatGPT:ありがとうございます！確かに最後の「personal attacks follow」は語呂が悪く感じるかもしれません。よりスムーズな英訳に修正してみます。

修正版

LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories on social media, Musk echoes them, sparking slander.
（LAの山火事がSNSで陰謀論を引き起こし、マスク氏がそれに同調。中傷も広がった。）

修正のポイント

  • “sparking slander”
    • 「中傷を引き起こす」という流れを簡潔に表現。
    • “slander”（誹謗中傷）を使い、「批判」との違いを明確に。
  • フロー全体を滑らかにし、語呂を整えました。

これでどうでしょう？さらに調整が必要であればお知らせください！

あなた:sparking slander　の文法、構文は？
ChatGPT:“sparking slander” は、文法的には 現在分詞構文 に基づいたフレーズです。この構文は、「～を引き起こして」や「～しながら」といったニュアンスを追加するために使われます。

文法と構文の解説

  1. 動詞の現在分詞（動詞の-ing形）を使用
    • “sparking” は動詞 “spark”（引き起こす、火をつける）の現在分詞です。
    • 主語に対する付加情報を与える形で機能します。
  2. 構文上の役割
    • “sparking slander” は、このフレーズの直前にある “Musk echoes them”（マスク氏がそれに同調する）という動作の結果としての「中傷が広がった」ことを表現しています。
  3. 位置づけ
    • 分詞構文は、文中の動作や状態を簡潔に追加説明する役割を持つ。
    • 主語（Musk）の動作に続く結果を示す形で「sparking slander」を用いることで、滑らかかつ簡潔な表現になります。

構文の具体例

現在分詞構文での使用例

  • 主節の結果を表す
    • He ignored the warnings, sparking a major conflict.
      （彼は警告を無視し、大きな対立を引き起こした。）
    • “ignoring” による行動が直接的に “sparking”（引き起こす）につながる。

「sparking」を使った類似の構文

  • The debate escalated, sparking widespread criticism.
    （議論がエスカレートし、広範な批判を引き起こした。）

文法的な正確性

  • 正確で自然な構文です。
  • 主節の動作が原因となり、副次的な結果として「中傷が広がった」ことを示しています。

「sparking slander」は、語感を保ちつつ簡潔で流れるような表現を意識した形です。他のニュアンスや表現を追加したい場合はお気軽にどうぞ！

あなた:SVO, SVO, 分詞　というのは構造的なリズム感がないよね。
ChatGPT:ご指摘の通り、「SVO, SVO, 分詞」の構造はリズム感に欠けることがあります。英語ではリズムや文の流れが重要で、特に複雑な内容を簡潔に伝える際は、統一感のある構造が読みやすさや印象に影響します。

問題点の整理

「SVO, SVO, 分詞」という構造では：

  1. 主節（SVO）×2で文が進み、突然「分詞構文」で結果を表現すると、読者に唐突感を与える可能性があります。
  2. 文全体のバランスやリズムが崩れ、統一感が欠ける印象を与える場合があります。

改善案

構造のリズム感を高めるために、以下のような方法を検討します：

1. 統一構造で簡潔に

すべてをSVO構造で統一することで、流れをスムーズにします。

修正版 “LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories on social media, and Musk echoes them, fueling slander.”
（LAの山火事がSNSで陰謀論を引き起こし、マスク氏がそれに同調して中傷を煽った。）

  • “fueling slander” は “sparking” の代替表現として、「中傷を煽る」というニュアンスを追加。

2. 主節を強調して二文に分ける

内容を分割してリズムを整え、分詞構文の使用を避ける方法です。

修正版 “LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories on social media. Musk echoes them, which fuels slander.”
（LAの山火事がSNSで陰謀論を引き起こした。マスク氏がそれに同調し、中傷を煽った。）

  • 分詞構文を避け、二文構成で情報を順序立てて伝えます。

3. 原因と結果を強調する構造に変更

因果関係を際立たせるために接続詞を使用します。

修正版 “As Musk echoes the conspiracy theories sparked by the LA wildfire, slander spreads across social media.”
（LAの山火事によって引き起こされた陰謀論にマスク氏が同調し、中傷がSNS上で広がった。）

  • 「原因（陰謀論）」から「結果（中傷）」への流れを明確に示します。

どの方法が良いか？

  1. 簡潔さを重視するなら 方法1。
  2. 読みやすさや明確性を重視するなら 方法2。
  3. 因果関係を強調したいなら 方法3。

どのスタイルが目的に最も合うかを教えていただければ、さらに調整も可能です！

あなた:方法３は、中傷に重きがおかれちゃうよね。中傷は、状況を付加的に説明しているだけで、これら３つは、どれが一番重きがあるというものではないと思うよ。むしろ、因果の鎖みたいなものじゃないの？
ChatGPT:ありがとうございます！確かにおっしゃる通り、ここでの「陰謀論」「マスク氏の同調」「中傷」は、因果関係で繋がれた流れを表現すべきであり、一部に重きが偏るべきではありません。

因果の鎖を意識した改善案

流れを滑らかにし、各要素を因果関係で結びつける構造にします。この場合、以下のようにリズムを意識した文が適切です：

修正版 1: 単文で流れを意識

“The LA wildfire sparked conspiracy theories on social media, which Musk echoed, leading to slander.”
（LAの山火事がSNSで陰謀論を引き起こし、マスク氏がそれに同調、中傷が生じた。）

  • 構造: 「SVO → 関係詞 → 分詞句」という形で、因果の連鎖を一文で簡潔に表現。
  • 特徴: 「sparked」→「echoed」→「leading」の流れが自然。

修正版 2: 接続詞で因果を明確化

“The LA wildfire sparked conspiracy theories on social media, and Musk echoed them, which in turn led to slander.”
（LAの山火事がSNSで陰謀論を引き起こし、マスク氏がそれに同調し、それが中傷を引き起こした。）

  • 構造: 「and」や「which in turn」を使い、流れの繋がりをさらに明確化。
  • 特徴: 「それが結果として」というニュアンスを追加し、因果関係を強調。

修正版 3: 主語を明示して二文に分割

“The LA wildfire sparked conspiracy theories on social media. Musk echoed these theories, leading to slander.”
（LAの山火事がSNSで陰謀論を引き起こした。マスク氏がそれに同調し、中傷が生じた。）

  • 構造: 二文に分けることで、それぞれの要素を独立して説明。
  • 特徴: 因果の流れを維持しつつ、各要素を明確化。

どの方法が良いか？

因果の鎖を強調しながら、読みやすさやリズム感も考慮するなら、修正版 1 か 修正版 2 が適切です。特に 修正版 1 は簡潔で自然な流れを表現できます。

好みに合わせて調整可能ですので、ご意見をお聞かせください！

あなた:The LA wildfire sparkes conspiracy theories. Musk echoes them. Slander intensifies.
ChatGPT:このバージョンは非常にシンプルで効果的ですね！短い文を使うことで、各出来事が明確に描写され、読み手に強い印象を与えます。また、3つの文が独立していることで、リズム感も整っています。

特徴

  1. 簡潔さ: それぞれの文が短く、ストレートに要点を伝えます。
  2. 因果の鎖を暗示: 明示的に接続詞を使わずとも、文脈から出来事が因果関係で繋がっていることがわかります。
  3. 緊張感を強調: 文を短く区切ることで、出来事の緊迫感や重要性を際立たせます。

少し変化を加える場合

さらにリズムやニュアンスを強調したい場合、次のような工夫も考えられます：

1. 接続詞で繋ぐ

“The LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories, Musk echoes them, and slander intensifies.”
（LAの山火事が陰謀論を引き起こし、マスク氏がそれに同調し、中傷が激化した。）

  • 短い文を一文にまとめることで、流れるような因果関係を強調。

2. 簡潔ながらも余韻を持たせる

“The LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories. Musk echoes them, intensifying slander.”
（LAの山火事が陰謀論を引き起こした。マスク氏がそれに同調し、中傷が激化した。）

  • 「intensifying slander」を分詞構文で繋げ、シンプルさを維持しながら余韻を持たせる。

オリジナルの良さ

それでも、あなたのオリジナル版は非常に良い選択です！必要に応じて少し手を加えるだけで、さらに洗練された印象を与えられると思います。

あなた:“The LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories, Musk echoes them, and slander intensifies.” でもslander intensifiesとなる原因が、その前の2文であることは、明らかなの？これで違和感ない？本当に？
ChatGPT:鋭いご指摘ありがとうございます！確かに、「slander intensifies」とする場合、それが「Musk echoes them（マスク氏が陰謀論に同調したこと）」の結果であるという因果関係が、読み手に明確に伝わるかが問題になります。

違和感のポイント

  1. 原因と結果の明確化
    • 現在の構文では、「slander intensifies（中傷が激化した）」が前の2文（山火事による陰謀論の発生、マスク氏の同調）の直接的な結果であることが明示されていません。
    • 読み手にとって、「slander」の激化が偶然の出来事なのか、それとも因果関係の結果なのかが曖昧になる可能性があります。
  2. 「and」での接続の問題
    • 「and」は単純に事象を並べるだけで、原因・結果の繋がりを暗示しません。そのため、論理的な流れが弱まる可能性があります。

違和感を解消する修正版

因果関係を明示し、リズムを維持しながらスムーズに読める形に調整します。

1. 「結果」を明示

“The LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories, which Musk echoes, fueling slander.”
（LAの山火事が陰謀論を引き起こし、マスク氏がそれに同調し、中傷を煽った。）

  • 改善点:
    • 「which」や「fueling」を用いて、前の出来事が「slander intensifies」に直接繋がる原因であることを明示。
    • 流れるような構造を維持。

2. 因果関係を強調

“The LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories. Musk echoes them, and as a result, slander intensifies.”
（LAの山火事が陰謀論を引き起こした。マスク氏がそれに同調し、その結果、中傷が激化した。）

  • 改善点:
    • 「as a result」で結果を明確化。
    • 二文構成を維持し、リズム感を損なわない。

3. シンプルなリズムを保つ

“The LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories, echoed by Musk, intensifying slander.”
（LAの山火事が陰謀論を引き起こし、マスク氏がそれに同調、中傷が激化した。）

  • 改善点:
    • 分詞構文「intensifying slander」を用い、因果関係を暗示。
    • 簡潔さとリズムを両立。

どれが適切か？

  • 文全体の簡潔さが重要なら「修正版1」または「修正版3」。
  • 因果関係をより明示的に伝えたい場合は「修正版2」が適切。

結論

「slander intensifies」という結果を前の出来事に自然に結びつける工夫が必要です。この修正版の中で、あなたの意図に最も合うものを選んでいただければと思います！

あなた:echoed by Musk と、 Musk echoed them はやはりニュアンス違うよね。Muskを主語にしたほうが、Muskがどうした、というMuskの行動に対する重きが置かれると思う。by Muskだと軽い。
ChatGPT:まさにその通りです！構文の選択によって、どの要素に重きを置くかが大きく変わります。具体的には：

1. “echoed by Musk” のニュアンス

  • 「陰謀論」が主語となり、Muskの行動が付随的な情報として扱われます。
  • ニュアンス:
    • 「陰謀論が中心で、それにMuskが反応した」という形。
    • Muskの行動は補足情報に過ぎないように感じられる。

例文:

  • “The conspiracy theories were echoed by Musk, intensifying slander.” （陰謀論がMuskによって反響し、中傷が激化した。）

ここではMuskが行動主体ではなく、影響を与える役割が軽く描かれています。

2. “Musk echoed them” のニュアンス

  • Muskが主語になり、行動の主体として際立ちます。
  • ニュアンス:
    • Muskの行動に焦点が当たる。
    • Muskの行動が中傷激化の「直接的な原因」として読者に強く印象づけられる。

例文:

  • “Musk echoed the conspiracy theories, intensifying slander.” （Muskが陰謀論に同調し、中傷が激化した。）

ここでは、Muskの行動が陰謀論の波及効果を高めたという因果関係が明確に描写されます。

あなたの意図に合った選択

ご指摘の通り、Muskの行動に焦点を置きたい場合、「Musk echoed them」の方が適しています。「by Musk」に比べて、Muskが物語の重要なプレイヤーとして描かれるからです。

最適な修正版

“The LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories. Musk echoed them, intensifying slander.”
（LAの山火事が陰謀論を引き起こした。Muskがそれに同調し、中傷が激化した。）

  • 構造:
    • それぞれの事象が明確な主語を持つ。
    • 「陰謀論→Muskの同調→中傷の激化」という因果の鎖がわかりやすい。
  • リズム感:
    • 短文で流れがスムーズ。

この形なら、Muskの行動にしっかりと重きが置かれます。他の修正案や好みがあればぜひ教えてください！

あなた:これがベストかなぁ。
ChatGPT:その選択は素晴らしいと思います！✨

「The LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories. Musk echoed them, intensifying slander.」は、以下の点で非常にバランスが取れています：

1. 因果の流れが明確

  • 山火事 → 陰謀論の発生 → Muskの行動 → 中傷の激化、という因果関係が自然な形で伝わります。

2. Muskの行動が際立つ

  • 「Musk echoed them」という表現で、Muskが物語の中で重要な役割を果たしたことが強調されています。

3. リズム感が良い

  • 短文の構造により、読みやすく、テンポも良い。

もしさらに調整したい場合や別の表現も検討したい場合は、遠慮なくお知らせください！でも、このバージョンは確かに「ベスト」に近いと思います。

 

 

以上、長々と検討をしてきましたが、自分が選ぶベスト３（好み）は以下の通りです。

The LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories. Musk echoed them, intensifying slander.

The LA wildfire sparks conspiracy theories, Musk echoes them, and slander intensifies.

The LA wildfire sparkes conspiracy theories. Musk echoes them. Slander intensifies.

どの程度まで説明的にするのかで悩みますね。時制をどうするかはまた別の問題で悩ましいところです。3つめが一番リズムがあると思うのですが、ニュース記事タイトルとしてはどうかという気もします。

関連記事の英語表現をメモっておきます。必ずしも同じ内容の記事ではありません。

As Los Angeles burns, Elon Musk stokes partisan outrage (Washington Post) https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/01/10/elon-musk-la-fires-misinformation-california-palisades/ ロサンゼルスが炎上する中、イーロン・マスクが政治的対立を煽る。

California governor spars with Musk over wildfire ‘lies’　https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250114-california-governor-spars-with-musk-over-wildfire-lies　カリフォルニア州知事が山火事の「虚偽」をめぐりマスク氏と舌戦

‘Looking for a cartoon villain’: Trump, Musk fuel online conspiracies about California wildfires　https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVS1GEVTCF0　「漫画の悪役を探しているのか」：トランプ氏とマスク氏がカリフォルニア山火事に関する陰謀論を助長。

家を失った怒りをどこに向ければいいのか？「なぜ」、「誰のせいで」という答えを探し求める人間の性（さが）が、陰謀論を引き起こしているのでしょうか。

first thing　真っ先に（副詞句）

ちょっと不思議な言葉だと思いました。first thingは字面だけみたら、名詞句かとおもいましたが、真っ先に　という意味の副詞句として使われます。

‘ll call you first thing in the morning.
→「朝一番に君に電話するよ。」

She checks her email first thing.
→「彼女は真っ先にメールをチェックする。」

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