理由を表す”due to”と”for”のニュアンスの違いと使い分け

Claude.aiに訊いてみたのですが、

例文 It has received much attention over the past few decades due to its biodegradable properties, which offer important economic benefits.

質問 due toの代わりにfor も使えるか?

回答

While both “due to” and “for” can link causes, they function differently. “Due to” specifically indicates a direct cause-and-effect relationship, while “for” can be more general, indicating a reason or purpose.

In this case, “due to” is actually more appropriate because the biodegradable properties are directly causing the attention. If we used “for,” it might slightly change the meaning to suggest the attention was purposefully given for those properties, rather than naturally resulting from them.

Compare:

  • “It has received attention due to its biodegradable properties” (The properties caused the attention)
  • “It has received attention for its biodegradable properties” (The properties are what people chose to pay attention to)

While both could work, “due to” better captures the causal relationship you’re describing. The properties are what directly led to the attention.

なるほどそういうわけだったのですね。勉強になりました。due toは直接的な因果関係を示すのに使うのがよいそうです。それに対して、forは理由を示すといっても、意図的にそうしたといった意味合いが出てくるとのこと。ニュアンスは明らかに違いますね。

英文プレスリリースで、なになに大学のだれそれ教授を英語で書くときのof と at と fromの意味の違いと使い分け方

of と at と fromの使い分けの結論:

固めの文章にof、柔らかめの文章にat、共同研究の説明の場合はfromもあり。文書の種類、文章のスタイル(固い、柔らかい)、伝えたいニュアンスで、最適なものを選ぶ。所属紹介はof。ちなみに、講演者紹介はfrom。

 

上の結論を得るに至るまでのもろもろを以下に記しておきます。

 

語呂の良さもあるでしょうし、ニュアンスの違い、文章の堅さの違いなどいろいろな要素がからんで選択されるのだと思います。前置詞の選択に影響することとして思いつくのは、

  1. 所属が大事なときはof
  2. くだけた文章ならofを使わずにatやfrom
  3. 研究が行われた場所に重きを置く場合はat か。”a study conducted at MIT” という言い方をよく見ることからもそうだろう。
  4. 座長が演者を紹介するときはfrom
  5. プロフィールとして書く文章ならof
  6. 氏名を出さずに研究者+大学ならofは使わなそう(個人名を書かないで、所属を強調する意味がないので)
  7. from は研究グループの存在と大学とが遊離しているように自分には感じる。共同研究者の場合はfromがいいのかも。
  8. a research team led by Prof. XXX at YYY University, in collaboration with Prof. AAA from B University and Prof. CCC from D University のようにat とfromを使った例も見かける。

at を使った例

atは場所を示すので、その人がどこにいるのかを示すのに使われます。

英文プレスリリースの中での例

研究者+大学名

In the news – research done in collaboration with Brad Nolen at the University of Oregon and supported in part by the NIH and SUNY, Stony Brook University. https://www.facebook.com/uoCHandBIC/posts/in-the-news-research-done-in-collaboration-with-brad-nolen-at-the-university-of-/4233063650068527/?locale=ms_MY

A recent study by researchers at Harvard University sheds light on the relative merits and limitations of these two imaging techniques, providing valuable insights for the scientific community. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1054584

In a study published today [Monday 11 September] in the journal Nature Chemistry, scientists at the University of Southampton, in collaboration with partners at the University of Oxford and ATDBio (a DNA synthesis company based in Southampton and Oxford), demonstrate a purely chemical method for gene assembly which overcomes the limitations of existing methods. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/464088

Scientists at the University of York have played a crucial role in developing a way of using plants to clean up land contaminated by explosives. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/582475

Researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden have developed, in collaboration with researchers in Germany and the U.S., new small antibodies, also known as nanobodies, which prevent the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus from entering human cells. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/626054

In a systematic review of 19 studies and 1.25 million participants, researchers at the University of South Australia along with a team at Curtin University, SAHMRI, Harvard University and others* found that 79% of studies reported reduced academic achievement in children exposed to maternal prenatal smoking. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1055357

氏名+大学名

Recently, Prof. Jian Wang at Peking University, in collaboration with Prof. QingFeng Sun at Peking University and Prof. Moses Chan at Penn State University, observed a novel voltage signal in the hybrid nanowire structure. Normally, for a superconductor-normal material junction, the voltage across the junction should be zero when the current is not applied. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/617795

Profs. Okujima and Uno, in collaboration with Prof. Kobayashi at Shinshu University, reported their success in the synthesis of diazuliamethyrin, a core-modified hexaphyrin(1.0.0.1.0.0), and descibed its molecular structure, electronic structure and optical properties. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/941037

A team of researchers, led by Prof. Yolanda Chen at the University of Vermont, shows that even small doses of the neonicotinoid pesticide, imidacloprid, can alter how the beetle manages its DNA. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/633425

The lead contact and corresponding author of this paper, Prof Chunming Wang at the University of Macau, said: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/804909

New research from a European group of smell disorder experts, including Prof Philpott at the University of East Anglia, shows how smell loss associated with Covid-19 infection differs from what you typically might experience with a bad cold or flu. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/834478

This project was conducted in collaboration with Prof. Yasuyuki Ozeki at The University of Tokyo. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/987057

This all-optical technology is an extension of the digital optical encryption method originally invented by Prof. Sadot and his team in collaboration with Prof. Zalevsky at Bar Ilan University. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/824589

The new research was carried out by a team led by Prof Jason Smith in the Department of Materials, University of Oxford, and Dr Patrick Salter and Prof Martin Booth in the Dept of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, in collaboration with colleagues at the University of Warwick. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/738152

from を使った例

fromは「由来」を示すので、その人がどこから来たのかを示すときに使われます。

学会やシンポジウムなど演者を紹介する場合

Ladies and gentlemen, now we have come to our main session which consists of a lecture delivered by our guest speaker, the adjunct professor of the faculty of economic and business, Prof. XXX YYY from University of Essex. This session will be led by Ms. AAA BBB who is in charge as our moderator today. https://www.studocu.com/id/document/universitas-negeri-malang/komunikasi-sosialsocial-communication/mc-script-seminar-adjunct-professor/41612433
And also, we welcome all the presenters and participants of International Conference on Technology for Waste and Biomas. Dr. XXX YYY from Edinburgh University, UK. https://www.scribd.com/document/433303304/MC-Script-International-Conference https://www.scribd.com/document/433303304/MC-Script-International-Conference
IT IS A GREAT PLEASURE TO WELCOME PROF. XXX YYY, FROM UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO (USA) AS A KEY NOTE SPEAKER DURING TARGETING PHAGE THERAPY 2024, THIS JUNE IN MALTA. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1035653

英文プレスリリースの中での例

fromは文字通り、その人がどこから来た人かということなので、どこの大学からその研究チームに参加したか、すなわち共同研究に関して記述する際によくfromが使われると思います。下の例文を見ても、共同研究に関する説明が多いです。逆に単独の研究室による研究成果であれば、atがいいのではないでしょうか。

共同研究体制を説明するのに使われたfromの例

下のChatGPTの解説にありましたが、共同研究の場合にはfromを使うことは適切だそうです。共同研究が主+従でも、「主」に対してもやはりfromを使うことがおおいようですが、「主」のほうにatを使う例もあります(後述)。

具体的な人名でなく研究者+大学名の例

It was conducted in collaboration with researchers from the University of the Ryukyus, Meio University and Kyoto University. https://sciencesources.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1060229
team of scientists from the University of Washington, Seattle, and the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, has succeeded in creating a new type of enzyme for a reaction for which no naturally occurring enzyme has evolved, by using a combination of novel computational methodologies and molecular in vitro evolution. https://idw-online.de/en/news252044
In a new study published in Quaternary Science Reviews, researchers from The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Anna University, and the Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata document evidence for river activity in the central Thar Desert.  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/769472
To address the challenges, researchers from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the University of Hong Kong, and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University propose a novel simulation platform for ride-sourcing systems on real transportation networks. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1062459
Confirming the findings published earlier this year from researchers from Amsterdam UMC, the University of Auckland and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1062068
Skoltech scientists in collaboration with researchers from the University of Stuttgart, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and the Russian Quantum Center achieved the first systematic experimental measurements of the electrical conductivity of pure interfacial water, hence producing new results significantly extending our knowledge of interfacial water. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/661154
人名がある場合でもfromがよく使われています。共同研究体制に言及した例:
Recently, a research team led by Prof. WANG Feng from the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with Prof. WANG Min from Dalian University of Technology, developed a new method to directly convert bio-polyols into CO. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/935225
The study was done in collaboration with Prof. Tamaki Nakano from Hokkaido university through the Joint Usage/Research Center Program (MEXT). https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/972487
Prof. YU Sixia, Associate Researcher SUN Liangliang and ZHOU Xiang from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), in collaboration with Prof. XU Zhenpeng from Anhui University (AHU) and Armin Tavakoli from Lund University, proposed an approach to quantify entanglement using the standard entanglement witness procedure under three common experimental scenarios. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1041980
Recently, a research team led by Prof. WANG Feng, Dr. LUO Nengchao from the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), in collaboration with Prof. Paolo Fornasiero from University of Trieste, proposed a “C-C bond-first” strategy and realized carbohydrates conversion into C1 liquid hydrogen carriers (LHCs, consisting of HCOOH and HCHO) over Ta-CeO2 photocatalyst. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/979353
The work was performed in collaboration with Prof. David Reguera from the University of Barcelona. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/676452
In collaboration with Prof Dr Wolfgang Schulz from the University Hospital in Düsseldorf, they analysed the behaviour of cultivated cancer cells when OR10H1 is activated by Sandranol. https://e3.eurekalert.org/news-releases/782769
A research team led by Prof. JIANG Ling and Prof. YANG Xueming from the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with Prof. LI  Jun from Tsinghua University, revealed the coexistence of five cubic isomers in the smallest ice cube, including two with chirality. https://e3.eurekalert.org/news-releases/472601
To learn more about the potential therapeutic targets, Vunjak-Novakovic’s team also worked closely with Drs Christine and Jonathan Seidman from Harvard University.  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1055166
A team led by Prof. NI Yong and Prof. HE Linghui from University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) designed a discontinuous fibrous Bouligand (DFB) architecture, a combination of Bouligand and nacreous staggered structures. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/526570
単一の研究室の例
People’s bias toward sacrificing unknown bystanders appears to stem from assuming the unidentified person is an enemy, according to a study published October 23, 2024, in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Scott Danielson from the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, and colleagues. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1061682

at とfrom の両方が使われている例

下の例は、意図的に2つ使いわけたのか、どちらでもいいので無意識に違う言葉を使ったのかどうなのでしょう。リーダーの研究者がatで、共同研究者はそのチームに参加したというニュアンスを出すならfromなのかなとも思います。リーダーにfromをつかって共同研究者にatを使う例が見当たらないことが、それを裏付けているといえるのではないでしょうか。

 This new study, led by researchers at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and the Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) in collaboration with experts from the University of Oxford, the University of Victoria, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), aims to fill this gap. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1054826

The study, recently published in Nature Physics, was the result of a collaborative effort involving the research group led by Prof. DU Jiangfeng and Prof. PENG Xinhua at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), along with the theoretical groups of Prof. ZHAI Hui from Tsinghua University and Dr. ZHANG Pengfei from Fudan University. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1061961

USING A NOVEL FABRICATION TECHNIQUE AND STATE-OF THE-ART EQUIPMENT, A GROUP LED BY DR. STERN AT BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY, IN COLLABORATION WITH PROF. DAVID JAMIESON FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE (AUSTRALIA), HAS SUCCESSFULLY OVERCOME A SIGNIFICANT HURDLE IN SOLVING THIS PARADIGM. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/975996

Using a novel fabrication technique and state-of the-art equipment, a group led by Dr. Stern at Bar-Ilan University, in collaboration with Prof. David Jamieson from the University of Melbourne (Australia), has successfully overcome a significant hurdle in solving this paradigm. https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/970435

Now, in a study published online in the Chemical Engineering Journal, researchers at the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), led by Professor Eijiro Miyako and including Mikako Miyahara, in collaboration with researchers from the University of Tsukuba, Japan, have developed a new method to culture antitumor bacteria using highly porous scaffolds. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1061303

Recently, using the highly sensitive magnetic force microscopy (MFM) system of the Steady High Magnetic Field Facility (SHMFF), along with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and micromagnetic simulations, a research group led by Prof. LU Qingyou at the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with Prof. XIONG Yimin from Anhui University, achieved the first observation of intrinsic magnetic structures in a kagome lattice. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1061668

This is what emerges from a study published in the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, conducted by Cristian Balducci, a professor at the Department for Life Quality Studies at the University of Bologna (Rimini Campus), in collaboration with Dr. Luca Menghini from the University of Trento and Prof. Paola Spagnoli from the University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1008942

 

ofを使った例

of は「所属」を意味するので、人物がどこの大学に所属しているのかが重要な文脈で使われます。

バイオグラフィー、紹介などでの使用例

CAPTION This is Prof. AAA BBB of Tel Aviv University. https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/590649

The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris has awarded Prof. Israel Finkelstein of Tel Aviv University the prestigious Delalande-Guérineau Prize for his book Le Royaume Biblique Oublié (The Forgotten Kingdom) (Paris, 2013). https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/719584

英文プレスリリースでの使用例

To analyse the wing structure and function, the study’s lead author, Jakob Faber from the research group led by André Studart, Professor for Complex Materials at ETH Zurich, in collaboration with Prof. Andres Arrieta of Purdue University performed a computer simulation of the wing’s function. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/869547

Research for the study in Pediatrics was conducted in collaboration with Prof. Amir Erez of the University of Florida, Prof. Arieh Riskin of both TAU and Bnai Zion Medical Center, and Dr. Ellen Bamberger of both Bnai Zion Medical Center and the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. Research for the study in Human Relations was conducted in collaboration with Dr. Yihao Liu of the University of Illinois, Dr. Dana Vashdi of the University of Haifa, and Prof. Erez. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/886098

The research was carried out in Prof. Mandel’s lab at the School of Optometry and Vision Science, Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA) at Bar-Ilan University’s, in collaboration with Prof. Palanker of Stanford University. The study was conducted by Tamar Arens-Arad in collaboration with Dr. Nairouz Farah, Rivkah Lender, Avital Moshkovitz and Thomas Flores. https://sciencesources.eurekalert.org/news-releases/739282

The study was conducted in collaboration with Prof. Hiroaki Matsunami of Duke University School of Medicine, whose former postdoctoral fellow, Dr. Claire A. de March, led the research together with Agron. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1029866

In this study, Prof. Hirofumi Notsu and a graduate student of Kanazawa University in collaboration with Prof. Kohei Nakajima of the University of Tokyo investigated fluid flow phenomena as a physical system, especially the fluid flow that occurs around a cylinder, which is well understood. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/608863

This research was conducted in collaboration with Prof. Tatsuya Sawasaki of Ehime University, Dr. Yasushi Saeki of Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Dr. Fumiaki Ohtake of Hoshi University, and Prof. Fuminori Tokunaga of Osaka City University. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/895315

The research was conducted in the laboratory of Prof. Jeffrey Gerst of the Molecular Genetics Department by Rachel Kama and postdoctoral fellow Dr. Vydehi Kanneganti, in collaboration with Prof. Christian Ungermann of the University of Osnabrueck in Germany. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/555176

The study was carried out by a team of researchers led by Prof Andrew Parnell and Dr Dáire Healy of the Hamilton Institute at Maynooth University, in collaboration with Prof Peter Thorne of Maynooth University’s ICARUS Climate Research Centre and Prof Jonathan Tawn of Lancaster University in the UK. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1050118

In collaboration with Prof. Duffau of University of Montpellier, France, this project aims to develop a minimally invasive method for creating functional brain maps using electrical stimulation. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1007738

In collaboration with Prof. Cristina Lemorini of Sapienza University of Rome, the research was led jointly by postdoctoral fellow Dr. Flavia Venditti in collaboration with Profs. Ran Barkai and Avi Gopher. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/582087

That is one finding out of a new study published this week in PLOS Global Public Health by Dennis Kunichoff of Harvard University, and colleagues. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1060153

The Biophysical Society is pleased to announce that Hugo Lachuer, PhD, of the Institut Jacques Monod (CNRS) and Nadab Wubshet, PhD, of the University of Michigan and Harvard University, have been named recipients of the 2025 Outstanding Doctoral Research in Biophysics Award.

“Hugo and Nadab jointly represent the most outstanding work being done by doctoral researchers at this time,” said BPS President Gabriela Popescu of the University of Buffalo.

カンマでつないだ例

The study was developed in collaboration with Prof. Dustin Marshall, Monash University, and funded by the Australian Research Council and la Caixa Foundation. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/997248

The study was led by Dr. Meir Finkel of the Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near East Cultures, Tel Aviv University and Prof. Gonen Sharon of the MA Program in Galilee Studies, Tel-Hai College, in collaboration with Prof. Erez Ben-Yosef, Tel Aviv University, Dr. Oded Bar and Dr. Yoav Ben Dor, the Geological Survey of Israel, and Ofir Tirosh, the Hebrew University. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/996080

()に入れた例

In close collaboration with Prof. Arjan Kortholt (University of Groningen), the team of Prof. Wim Versées (VIB-VUB) sought a better understanding of LRRK2’s complex structure.  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/502648

ofとfromの使い分けをPerplexityに訊いてみた

When deciding between “of” and “from” for mentioning a professor’s affiliation, there are some general guidelines to consider. Here’s how to approach this decision:

1. Use “of” (Preferred in most cases):

– “Of” is the more formal and widely accepted preposition for academic affiliations.
– It implies a stronger, more permanent connection between the professor and the institution.
– Example: Dr. Jane Smith, Professor of Biology of Harvard University

2. Use “from” (Less common, but sometimes appropriate):

– “From” can be used in more casual contexts or when emphasizing the professor’s origin or current location.
– It might be preferred when discussing visiting professors or temporary affiliations.
– Example: Dr. John Doe from Stanford University will be giving a guest lecture.

Factors to consider when making your choice:

1. Formality: For formal documents like press releases, academic papers, or official communications, “of” is generally preferred.

2. Institutional preference: Some universities may have specific guidelines for how they want affiliations stated.

3. Context: Consider the tone and purpose of your writing. More formal contexts typically call for “of.

4. Permanence of affiliation: “Of” suggests a more permanent relationship, while “from” might imply a more temporary or loose association.

5. Consistency: Whatever you choose, be consistent throughout your document.

6. Readability: In some cases, “from” might flow better in a sentence. Trust your ear for what sounds most natural.

In most professional and academic contexts, especially for press releases, “of” is the safer and more widely accepted choice. However, if you’re writing for a more casual audience or describing a temporary affiliation, “from” could be appropriate.

When in doubt, check the style guide of the institution you’re writing about or for, or opt for the more formal “of” in professional contexts.

atに関してもperplexityに訊いてみます。

The preposition “at” can also be used when mentioning a professor’s affiliation, though it has a slightly different connotation and usage compared to “of” or “from”. Here’s how “at” is typically used:

1. Usage of “at”:

– “At” is commonly used to indicate where a professor works or teaches.
– It emphasizes the location or institution more than the affiliation itself.
– Example: Dr. Jane Smith, Professor of Biology at Harvard University

2. When to use “at”:

– When describing current employment or position
– When emphasizing the location of the professor’s work
– In less formal contexts or everyday speech

3. Comparison with “of” and “from”:

“Of” implies a stronger affiliation or membership (more formal)
– “From” can suggest origin or a looser association
– “At” focuses on the current workplace or location

4. Examples:

– Dr. John Doe, Professor of Physics at MIT
– Jane Smith teaches Biology at Stanford University

5. Considerations:

– “At” is widely accepted and commonly used in both formal and informal contexts
– It’s often preferred in spoken language and can sound more natural in certain sentences
– Some institutions or style guides may have specific preferences

In press releases, all three prepositions (“of”, “from”, and “at”) can be appropriate, but “of” and “at” are more common. “At” is particularly useful when you want to emphasize where the professor works rather than their formal affiliation.

For example:
“Dr. Sarah Johnson, Professor of Chemistry at Oxford University, has made a groundbreaking discovery.”

Ultimately, the choice between “of”, “from”, and “at” can depend on the specific context, the tone of your writing, and any style guidelines you’re following. In many cases, “at” is a safe and natural-sounding choice that clearly conveys the professor’s workplace.

atとfromの使い分けについてClaude.aiに訊いてみた

Here’s how the prepositions “at” and “from” differ when referring to professors and their university affiliations:

“Professor X at [University]”:

  • Indicates current position/employment
  • Emphasizes the present connection
  • More commonly used in formal academic contexts
  • Suggests active engagement with the institution
  • Example: “Professor Suzuki at Tokyo University” implies he currently works there

“Professor X from [University]”:

  • Can suggest representation or origin
  • Sometimes implies speaking/acting on behalf of the institution
  • Can be used when describing someone traveling or presenting
  • May suggest a more temporary or mobile relationship
  • Example: “Professor Suzuki from Tokyo University spoke at the conference” emphasizes he’s representing the institution

Best practices:

  1. Use “at” for:
    • General affiliations
    • Current positions
    • Official documents
    • When listing current workplace
  2. Use “from” for:
    • Conference presentations
    • When emphasizing representation
    • When describing someone’s origin/background
    • News reports about traveling academics

atとfromを混在させる使い方についてClaude.aiに訊いてみた

例文:A research team led by Professor AAA BBB at CCC University, in collaboration with Associate Professor DDD EEE and Assistant Professor FFF GGG from HHH University, explored ….

This mixed usage of prepositions in your example is actually appropriate and conveys slightly different nuances:

“Professor AAA BBB at CCC University” – indicates his primary/current affiliation

“Associate Professor DDD EEE and Assistant Professor FFF GGG from HHH University” – indicates they are representing or coming from another institution as collaborators

The different prepositions help readers understand the relationships:

  • “at” shows where the lead researcher is based
  • “from” shows where the collaborators are coming from

This mixed usage effectively communicates that:

  1. The research was led by CCC University (primary institution)
  2. Had collaboration from other institutions (secondary institutions)

So in this case, the mixing of prepositions actually helps clarify the organizational relationships and roles in the collaboration.

共同研究者同士が完全に対等であって、主従の関係を誤解させないようにしたければ、全ての前置詞をat もしくはfrom で統一した方がよいとも(Claude.aiが)言っていました。

of も含めて3つのClaude.aiによるまとめ

The preposition “of” with university affiliations has a slightly different connotation:

“Professor X of [University]”:

  • Suggests a more formal, institutional relationship
  • Often used in very formal academic contexts
  • Can imply the person represents or embodies the institution
  • Sometimes seen as slightly old-fashioned or more traditional
  • Common in British English academic writing
  • Often used in ceremonial contexts

Compared to “at” or “from”:

  • “at” → emphasizes physical/current location
  • “from” → emphasizes origin or representation
  • “of” → emphasizes institutional belonging/membership

In modern academic writing, especially in American English: 特にアメリカ英語に限って言えば

  • “at” is most common 最も一般的
  • “of” is more formal/traditional 保守的
  • “from” is more casual/contextual カジュアルもしくは文脈による

None of these choices is incorrect, but they carry slightly different tones. For a press release, either “at” or “of” would be appropriate, while maintaining consistency throughout would be ideal.

of, from, atの使い分けに関するChatGPT 4oによるまとめ

特にプレスリリースの文章を書く際の話ですが、良く悩むof, at, fromの使い分けを纏めておきます。

In a press release for academic research news, the most appropriate preposition depends on the context. Here’s a quick guide:

  • “Of”: Used when indicating that someone is affiliated with a specific university.
    • Example: “Dr. John Smith of Harvard University has discovered…”
  • “At”: Used to indicate the place where someone works or conducts research.
    • Example: “Dr. Jane Doe at Stanford University has conducted research on…”
  • “From”: Used when referencing someone who is presenting findings or discussing work in the context of a specific institution.
    • Example: “Researchers from Oxford University presented their findings at the conference…”

For a formal press release, “of” or “at” is most commonly used, while from” is often appropriate when talking about collaborations or presenting findings.

共同研究に関する記述であればfromも適切という解説でした。

 

大学より細かい所属の言い方

研究者+ラボ

Now, in a recently published Nature paper, JILA and NIST Fellow and University of Colorado Boulder Physics Professor Jun Ye and his team, along with collaborators in Mikhail Lukin’s group at Harvard University, used periodic microwave pulses in a process known as Floquet engineering, to tune interactions between ultracold potassium-rubidium molecules in a system appropriate for studying fundamental magnetic systems. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1057817

所属が組み合わされたときの前置詞の選択

al’Absi is a professor and founding director of Duluth Medical Research Institute at the University of Minnesota Medical School–Duluth Campus. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/725935

 

英語長文問題の読み方

大学生が英語を読むのを観察していたら、1文をピリオドまで読んで、知っている単語を「なんとなく」つなげて、「もっともらしい」日本語に訳すという作業をやっているらしいことに気づきました。話を聞いてみたら、文法や構文を掴んで読むということを徹底する感覚がどうやらないようです。

なんとなく日本語を作るというのは、英語をちゃんと読んだことになりません。内容が簡単に読み取れる英文ならそれでもあまり問題が生じないのかもしれませんが、一語の違いで意味が大きく変わるような文章だった場合、そんな読み方はあぶなっかしぎます。

英語は前から順に読み、読んだところまでで意味を取るようにしましょう。日本語を思い浮かべるというより、内容を逐次理解するという感覚です。その場合、頭の使い方としては常に「先を予測」しているものです。

予測するときの頭の使い方はこんな感じ:

a や theなどの冠詞が出て来たら、次に名詞が来ることを予測する。

予測が外れて形容詞だったら、次こそは名詞が来ることを期待する。

名詞が来たら、動詞が次にくることを期待する。

動詞が来たらその手前までが主語だったということ。

動詞が他動詞であれば、次に目的語が来ることを期待する。

動詞によって、文型がSVかSVOかSVCかSVOOかSVOCかを予測する。

It was found that と来たらthat節なので次に完全な文が来ることを期待する。

といった感じです。

文のまとまりごとに意味を理解して、先を読み進めます。あくまで理解すればいいので、どんな日本語に訳せばいいのかと悩む必要はありません。訳さないといけない大学受験問題でもなければ、訳さなくていいのです。

このように、予測しながら読んだところまでは完全に理解して読み進めるというのが、オススメの読解方法です。そもそも、リスニングを理解するときは、この順で理解しているはずなので、この読解方法はリスニング力の基盤にもなります。

読むときに予測すると言った場合、文型、構文、文法だけでなく、書かれている内容に基づいた予測も含みます。こういう内容が書かれていたので、次はこういう内容になるはずといったかんじ。文章には通常、論理的な流れがあるので、当然、内容を予測しながら読むことが可能なのです。

However, とか、 in turn とか、converselyなど、標識になる語句が出てきたときはもちろん、その接続後に合わせて先を予測することになります。

初潮(初経)を英語で?menarche

初潮(初経)は英語でmenarcheと言います。月経が英語でmenstruationなので、それに「初めての」という意味の-archeがついてmenarcheというわけです。

同様に、精通(第二次性徴の時期を迎えた男性に初めて射精が起こること)はspermacheと言います。

同様に初めての(-arche)、性交(coitus)のことは、coitarcheと言います。

これらはみな、医学的な用語であり、日常的な言葉はまた別にあります。ChatGPTに訊いてみましょう。

The slang terms for menarche (a girl’s first menstruation) tend to vary widely depending on region, culture, and personal preferences. Some common slang expressions include:

General Slang Terms:

  1. “Starting your period”: A straightforward phrase that is widely understood and gender-neutral.
  2. “Getting your first period”: Another neutral and commonly used term.
  3. “Becoming a woman”: Often used to signify the transition into womanhood, although it’s considered outdated or overly simplistic in many contexts.
  4. “The curse”: An older slang term that some people use humorously or with a negative connotation.
  5. “Getting the red badge” or “Red visitor”: Refers to the color of menstrual blood, used playfully.

Slang Specific to Menarche:

Menarche-specific slang terms are relatively rare, as most slang about menstruation focuses on periods in general rather than the first occurrence. However, some expressions might include:

  • “Joining the club”: Referring to the shared experience of menstruation among people who menstruate.
  • “Aunt Flo’s first visit”: A lighthearted reference to the beginning of menstrual cycles.
  • “Getting the red letter”: Another reference to the first arrival of menstruation.
  • “Hitting the cycle”: Slang referring to starting menstrual cycles for the first time.

In contrast to coitarche, which has more direct and varied slang, menarche tends to be described with euphemisms or phrases that address menstruation as a whole.

初めてのセックス(coitarche)は、日常的にはどのような英語表現が用いられるのでしょうか。これもChatGPTに訊いてみます。

The slang term for coitarche (the first occurrence of sexual intercourse) is most commonly referred to as “losing one’s virginity.” This phrase is widely used to describe a person’s first experience of sexual intercourse. Other casual or slang terms for this include:

  • Popping the cherry: Refers to the first sexual experience, often used in a more vulgar context.
  • Doing it for the first time: A more neutral way of expressing the idea.
  • Going all the way: Refers to completing sexual intercourse for the first time.
  • Breaking the seal: Similar to “popping the cherry,” but can sometimes be used in different contexts.

The terminology can vary depending on the context and cultural background, but these are some of the common slang expressions associated with coitarche.

The slang terms like “losing one’s virginity”, “going all the way,” and “doing it for the first time” are gender-neutral and can refer to both men and women. These phrases are commonly used to describe the first experience of sexual intercourse for any individual, regardless of gender.

However, some expressions such as “popping the cherry” or “breaking the seal” have historically been more associated with women due to their reference to the breaking of the hymen, which is a physical phenomenon sometimes (but not always) related to a woman’s first experience with vaginal intercourse.

In contrast, expressions like “scoring” or “getting laid” have sometimes been used more in reference to men, reflecting a historically different way of talking about male and female sexual experiences. But these terms are increasingly being used in a gender-neutral manner.

In short, most modern slang is becoming more inclusive and less gender-specific, but the context and choice of words can still carry gendered connotations depending on how they are used.

精通に関しても調べてみましょう。

The term “spermarche” refers to the first ejaculation experienced by a male, usually during puberty. However, unlike terms for menarche or first intercourse, there is no widely established slang specifically for spermarche. The event itself is less commonly discussed in popular culture or casual conversation, so slang references are rare.

Some Possible Slang Terms or Expressions:

  1. “Wet dream”: This term is often used to describe a nocturnal emission, which is how spermarche frequently occurs for boys.
  2. “First time busting a nut”: A crude slang expression for ejaculation that might occasionally be used.
  3. “Hitting puberty”: Though not specific to spermarche, it is a common way of referring to the onset of puberty and the related bodily changes.
  4. “First squirt”: A very informal and less common expression, referring specifically to the first ejaculation.

Unlike the female counterpart (menarche), spermarche is generally not given a dedicated term in everyday conversation. Instead, people usually talk about “starting puberty” or “getting a wet dream” to refer to this stage of development.

ちなみに「夢精」は英語で “wet dream” と言います。通常、思春期の男児や成人男性が睡眠中に性的な夢を見て、無意識のうちに精液を放出する現象を指します。英語圏でもこの言葉が一般的に使われます。より医学的な表現としては、”nocturnal emission” という言い方があります。

例文:

  • “He had his first wet dream at the age of 13.”
  • “Nocturnal emissions are a normal part of male puberty.”

 

射精は英語で “ejaculation” と言います。医学的にも日常的にも使用される正式な言葉です。男性が性的興奮のピークに達した際、精液を放出することを意味します。

例文:

“Ejaculation is a normal physiological response.”

“He experienced ejaculation for the first time during puberty.”

英語では「ejaculation」が標準的な用語ですが、カジュアルな文脈では「cum」や「climax」などのスラングも使用されることがあります。

 

  • “Cum” is a slang term referring to semen or the act of ejaculation during sexual activity. It is often used informally and is considered vulgar or inappropriate in formal settings. For example:
    • “He cummed” means “He ejaculated.”
  • It is also used to describe reaching the peak of sexual pleasure (climax) for both men and women, though it is more often associated with male ejaculation.

例文:”He didn’t want to cum too quickly.”

 

女性の場合、膣からの分泌物を「おりもの」と言いますが、それに対応する英語はvaginal dischargeと言います。

例文:”If you notice an unusual vaginal discharge, it may be a sign of an infection.” おりものの状態が普段と異なる場合、それは感染症の兆候かもしれません。

以上、性に纏わる表現をまとめてみました。日本語でもそうですがやはり性に関することはタブーなので、日常会話では文脈と合わせて初めて意味をなすような婉曲表現が多用されると思います。逆に科学的な文章であれば、ストレートな表現もしくは専門用語になります。

The @Dodgers are on top thanks to who else? ドジャーズが1位なのは大谷選手のおかげ

ドジャーズが地区大会優勝を決めました。決定的な働きをしたのは、大谷選手。勝ち越しのヒットを打ちました。

それを評したツイートが、上です。The @Dodgers are on top thanks to who else? ぱっと見てわかりにくかったので解剖してみたいと思います。なぜ自分にわかりにくかったというと、top thanksがなんとなくひとまとまりに感じられてしまったからです。それじゃ意味をなしません。なぜそう感じたかというとtopがここでは名詞(首位)なのに、形容詞に感じてしまったんですね。英語の勘が鈍っていたようです。毎日英語に接するという地道な努力、習慣化が大事。

be on top は首位にいるということ。thanks to 人  は、その人のおかげ という意味。 who else は、厳密に文法に従えば whom elseですが、口語的なくだけた言い方の場合はwhomにかわってwho が使われることが多いです。

この文を文字通り訳すと、ドジャーズが首位なのは誰のおかげ? という疑問文なのですが、それが大谷選手であることは読み手の誰もがわかっていることなので、意訳して、 ドジャーズが首位なのはこの人のおかげ という意味になります。

試合後のセレモニーに家族も登場。奥さんの真美子さんが、デニムのジャケットを夫である大谷選手に見せてるしぐさがかわいいですね。

大谷翔平選手が50/50を達成したあとドジャーズ監督が乾杯の音頭をとるときの挨拶 全文書き起こし

Alright, guys! First thing, Shohei was the player of the series,  rightfully, so. Let’s raise a glass of champain also because this is a game that’s been played for over 200 years, and he has done something that’s never been done in this game.

And it’s reallly unprecedented. And so shohei, cheers to you on something really sppectacular. Congratulations.

I think you guys all know we clinced a postseason berth.  And for those of you guys who have never been to the postseason,  there’s nothing like it. This is what we all play for, to get an opportunity to play for that trophy.

And I just want to say this, guys. This is the first step. We all know that.

The talent is our floor. The talent in this room is the floor. The character and the fight is the ceiling for all of us. So, guys. we got to count on each other. So fight and show the character that we all believe we have and we know who we are to play that last game and win that last game in October. 

So, cheers to you guys. Congratulations fellas. Everybody, congrats, guys.

ChatGPTに訳してもらいました:

「よし、みんな!まずは、大谷がシリーズの最優秀選手だ。これは当然のことだな。そして、シャンパンを掲げよう。なぜなら、このゲームは200年以上も続いてきたが、彼はこのゲームで今まで誰も成し遂げたことのない偉業を成し遂げたんだから。

これは本当に前例のないことだ。だから、大谷に乾杯。本当に見事なことをやり遂げた。おめでとう。

それから、みんなも知ってると思うが、俺たちはポストシーズン進出を決めた。ポストシーズンに行ったことのない者もいるかもしれないが、それは何にも代えがたい経験だ。俺たちはみんな、そのトロフィーを手にするために、この舞台を目指してプレーしている。

ただ一つ言っておきたいことがある。これが第一歩だということだ。俺たちは皆、それを分かっている。

才能が俺たちの基盤だ。この部屋にいる全員の才能が土台になる。そして、俺たちの性格と闘志が、どこまで行けるかを決める天井になる。だから、みんな、お互いを信頼して頼り合おう。闘い抜いて、俺たちが持っていると信じている、そしてみんなも知っている「俺たちらしさ」を発揮し、10月の最後の試合に勝とう。

それでは、乾杯しよう。おめでとう、みんな。全員、おめでとう!」

大谷選手xスキーンズ対決「適当に振ったらホームラン」

スキーンズ投手との初対決について聞かれた大谷選手の言葉。

「初対戦の1打席目は(球が)速すぎて見えなかった。ミットに収まってから振っているような感覚だった。2打席目のホームランは適当に振ったら、当たりました」

https://www.msn.com/ja-jp/sports/other/大谷翔平が日本時間11日に2度目の-怪物対決-へ-初対戦では本塁打も-適当に振ったら大谷翔平が日本時間11日に2度目の-怪物対決-へ-初対戦では本塁打も-適当に振ったら/ar-AA1ouhhT

  1. Paul Skenes went right after Shohei Ohtani. The result was a brilliant bit of baseball theater Updated Jun. 5, 2024 11:58 p.m. GMT-4 share share on facebook facebook share on x x share on reddit reddit share on link link Associated Press Paul Skenes went right after Shohei Ohtani. The result was a brilliant bit of baseball theater | FOX Sports
  2. Paul Skenes went right after Shohei Ohtani. The result was a brilliant bit of baseball theater Paul Skenes went right after Shohei Ohtani. The result was a brilliant bit of baseball theater (clickondetroit.com)

H&Mの広告が炎上:Make those heads turn in H&M’s Back to School fashion

自分もこの写真のどこが性的搾取なんだろうと思いましたが、ツイートで解説がありました。

ロングマン現代英英辞典より

turn somebody’s headto be attractive in a romantic or sexual way

例文 She turned heads whenever she walked into a room.

https://www.ldoceonline.com/jp/dictionary/turn-somebody-s-head

 

ロングマン現代英英辞典より

turn (people’s) heads if something turns people’s heads, they are surprised by it

例文 It did turn some heads when he moved back to the village.

言葉はいろいろな意味を持つので、性的な意味しかないわけではないですが、そういう使われ方が一般にされる言葉ということのようです。この写真と組み合わせられることにより、そういう含意が生じるということでしょう。

 

参考記事

  1. H&M、制服姿の女児の広告を撤回 ⇒ 目立った抗議理由は「性的表現」よりも「ルッキズム助長」だった(オーストラリア) 2/16(金) 20:05 BuzzFeed Japan

YOASOBI IDLE(アイドル)の英語バージョン

YOASOBI / Idol (「アイドル」English Ver. ) Ayase / YOASOBI チャンネル登録者数 636万人

上の動画が公式な英語版で、英訳はKonnie Aoki氏によるもの。歌っているのはIkura本人です。

下の道具は@sayriris さんによる英訳。YOUTUBEの欄に英語も全部掲載されています。

Idol (English Cover)「Oshi no Ko OP」【Will Stetson】「アイドル – 推しの子」 Will Stetson チャンネル登録者数 67.3万人

日本語の歌詞

  • https://www.uta-net.com/song/335761/

英語(公式)の歌詞

  1. https://genius.com/Yoasobi-idol-english-version-lyrics

 

下の動画はJubyさんという人が英訳したものです。同じ歌詞がこれほど違う言葉で表現できるのかと思いました。
Idol (YOASOBI) ♥ English Cover【rachie】 アイドル rachie チャンネル登録者数 45万人