英語の5文型のうちの2つ目である第二文型（S＋V＋C) 主語+be動詞+補語の形は、補語が主語の状態を表す場合に使われる文型であるというふうに学校で習ったような気がします。

動詞の後で主語について説明する語のことを補語と呼ぶ。

（総合英語フォレスト第6版　39ページ）

I am hot. という英語は、I（自分）がhot（高温）な状態なのでしょうか？もちろんそうではなく、自分は温度が高いと感じているという意味です。

言葉というのは厳格なルールに則って使われるものでもなく慣習的にこういう言い方は普通になされるということが起きます。つまり、文のカタチだけから文法的な正しさを決定することはできないというわけです。

別の例を考えてみましょう。

水曜に数学の授業がある大学生が「数学は水曜です。」ということを英語で

Math is Wedneseday.

と言ったら英語としては正しくないでしょう。

Math class is on Wednesday.

と言えば文法的に問題がない表現になります。日本語のカタチをそっくり英語に直すと英語としては間違いになるというわけですね。しかし、例えば旅行先で宿泊しているホテルなどで「お昼ごはんは1時です。」という会話はあると思います。このまま英語にすると

Lunch is 1pm.

ですが、これは問題ありません。さっきと構造は同じなのに今度はなぜいいのという疑問が生じます。

食事+be動詞+時間.

だと英語としてOKなのです。当然、

When is lunch? （お昼ご飯は何時？）

という表現もOKです。

What would you like? 何が飲みたい？

と聞かれて答える場合はどうでしょう。

I am Coffee.

は不自然です。

I would like Coffee. 

というべきでしょう。

似たような構造の話ですが、暑い、寒いという場合はどうでしょうか。

I am hot. 私は暑い。

I am cold.　私は寒い。

は英語として問題ありません。もちろん

I feel warm.　暑く感じる。

It’s hot.　暑い。

と言ってもよいでしょう。

ちなみにhotという言葉には、セクシーという意味もあります。

He is hot.　 彼はとてもセクシーだ。

She is hot.　彼女はとてもセクシーだ。

すると、

I am hot.

は、「私はとてもセクシーだ。」

という意味に取られる恐れはないのでしょうか。

複数の意味を持ちうる言葉の場合、その意味するところは状況で決まります。気温や室温の高低が話題になっていることが明らかであれば、

I am hot. 

で誤解が生じる恐れはありません。もちろん、自分でそんなことを言うことは通常あり得ないので、そういう意味として受け取られる恐れはないと言えます。

今回学んだこと：

1. 主語+be動詞+補語　で主語＝補語（補語が主語の状態を表す）とは言えない英語表現もあり得る。
2. 文法的に正しいかどうかは、形だけでは決まらず、内容による。
3. 複数の意味を持ちうる表現の場合、どの意味になるかは文脈や状況で決まる。

 

 

参考

上の記事は、ChatGPT-3.5（https://chat.openai.com/）にいろいろ聞きながらを纏めました。

 

 

 

Kazuo IshiguroのThe Remains of the Dayを試しに読んでみたら4行目に

… in the comfort of Mr. Farraday’s Ford;

という文があって、in the comfort of ってどういう意味？と思い、その先のof Mr. Farraday’s Fordまで読んで、ああ、誰かが貸してくれるフォード社製の車に乗ってということねと理解しました。ただ、なぜフォード？という疑問が湧きました。フォードといえばアメリカ車です。それが物語の冒頭に唐突に出てきたので、むかしこの本をちらっと開いて読んだときにはこの部分が理解できませんでした。先まで読むと、フォード車をつかわせてくれるファラデーさんはアメリカ人だったんですね。

なぜフォード？と思った人がほかにもいました。

In a novel that is founded in British culture, why is an American vehicle, specifcally a Ford, the vehicle used to advance the plot both physically and metaphorically?

 

Obviously, any vehicle can be seen as a symbol of mobility in any text. What is interesting about the Ford in The Remains of the Day is that not only does the Ford physically move Stevens from one side of the country to the other, but the Ford is what moves the plot forward, crossing borders both physically and metaphysically.

https://openjournals.bsu.edu/dlr/article/download/3892/2082/8436

上の論文では、移動するための道具としての車ならなんでもいいはずなのですが、なぜこのイギリスの小説でフォード車なのか？を論じていました。

The Remains of the Dayは、まだ冒頭の半ページしか読んでいませんが、図書館に返さないといけないのでいったん返してきます。また借りて読むかも。文体はけっこう自分の好みかもしれないと思ったので。

しかしフォードという車のメーカーを知らない人はこの冒頭を読んだときに？？？となってしまうでしょう。

彼は～で有名です、～で名を知られていますという英語の言い方は、

故人であれば　is remembered for

故人もしくは、生きていれば　is known for 　あるいは　　 is famous for

Hideki Yukawa is famous for his 1935 theoretical work on the forces binding the atomic nucleus, which predicted the existence of new elementary particles called pi mesons.　https://what-when-how.com/physicists/yukawa-hideki-physicist/

I visited my parents who live in Osaka. 私は大阪に住む両親を訪れた。

さて、この英文は正しいでしょうか。関係代名詞whoには制限用法と非制限用法があります。制限用法というのは意味を限定する機能があります。上の英文を文法的に正しく訳すなら、私は（何人もいる両親のうちの）大阪に住む両親を訪れた。とうい意味になってしまいます。こういうときは、非制限用法を使います。whoの前にカンマをつけるだけで、非制限用法になります。

I visited my parents, who live in Osaka. 私は大阪に住む両親を訪れた。

こうすれば、付加的に情報を与えている、いわゆる非制限用法になります。

友達なら何人もいておかしくないので、

I visited a friend of mine who lives in Osaka.　という文はあり得ます。

～したとき～した。というときに英語でwhenとwhileをどう使い分ければいいでしょうか。考え方は簡単で、動作が一つの動きならwhen、動作が継続するものならwhileです。

本を読んでいたとき、妻が家に帰ってきた。While I was reading a book, my wife came home.

妻が家に帰ってきたとき、自分は本を読んでいた。When my wife came home, I was reading a book.

参考にしたサイト

1. https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/how-to-use-when-and-while-/5888101.html

https://chat.OpenAI.com/chat/　はインターネット上の文書を読み込んで学習した「集合知」みたいなもので、会話や翻訳や説明などをしてくれます。ウィキペディア的な使い方もできるようです。

 

挨拶

おはようさん。

Good morning! How can I help you today?

 

もう、やってられへんわ、ほんまに。

I’m sorry, I’m not quite sure what you’re trying to say. Could you please rephrase or provide more context?

 

How are you doing?

As an AI, I don’t have the ability to experience emotions or physical sensations. I am just a computer program designed to respond to questions and provide helpful information. Is there something specific you would like to know or talk about? I am here to help you with any question or inquiry you have.

 

OpenAIとは

Who are you?

I am Assistant, an AI trained to provide helpful responses to a wide range of questions. I can help you with information on a wide range of topics, as well as provide guidance and advice on various issues. If there’s something you’d like to know, feel free to ask me, and I’ll do my best to help you out.

 

Who invented you?

I was developed by a team of engineers and researchers at OpenAI. They used a technique called machine learning to train me on a large dataset of text. This allows me to understand and respond to a wide range of questions and topics. The team continues to improve and update my capabilities to ensure that I can provide accurate and helpful information.

 

OpenAIはどれくらい賢いのか

How smart are you?

As a machine learning model, my intelligence or capability is based on the quality of the data used to train me and the algorithm that powers me. My training data consists of a diverse set of texts, including books, articles, and websites, and as such I have a broad base of general knowledge that allows me to understand and respond to a wide range of questions. However, my intelligence is artificial and limited to the specific task I have been designed for, which is natural language understanding and generation. I can give you information based on the knowledge I have access to, but my answers might not always be the best answer or the only one. And my ability to understand and answer the question may be limited by the complexity or specificity of the question.

 

OpenAIが得意なこと・不得意なこと

What are you good at and what are you not good at?

As a language model AI, I am good at understanding natural language, and providing informative and coherent responses to a wide range of questions. I am able to provide information on a wide range of topics, including history, science, literature, and current events. I can also assist with things such as writing, grammar, and translation.

However, there are also certain limitations to my abilities. For example, I am not able to access the internet, so my knowledge is limited to the information that was available to me during my training, which has a cutoff date. My understanding of a question or context may be limited by the complexity or specificity of the question or the information provided. And I am not able to perform some tasks that require physical action, real-time data, or certain type of specialized knowledge.

Overall, I am an AI tool designed to assist users with the understanding of language, but my abilities are limited by the quality of my training and my inability to perceive the world in the same way as humans do.

 

OpenAIを作った人々

Who is leading OpenAI?

As of my knowledge cutoff in 2021, OpenAI is led by a group of co-founders and key executives.

• Sam Altman, who is the president of the organization and works on strategy, fundraising, and policy.
• Ilya Sutskever, who is the chief scientist and works on research.
• Greg Brockman who was the CEO and president of the organization and works on engineering and products.
• Wojciech Zaremba is another researcher who leads the group working on language model research

These are some of the key figures that lead OpenAI, but there are many other researchers, engineers and professionals that work in OpenAI and contribute to the development of AI and the company as a whole.

 

OpenAIに相談

What should I do today?

As an AI, I can provide information and suggestions, but I can’t make decision for you. It depends on what you enjoy, what you want to achieve, and what is important to you. Here are a few suggestions of things you could do today:

1. Get some exercise: Going for a walk, run, bike ride, or hitting the gym can be a great way to start the day and boost your energy levels.
2. Plan your day: Take a few minutes to make a to-do list or schedule for the day. This can help you stay focused and on track.
3. Learn something new: Read a book, take an online course, or teach yourself a new skill.
4. Spend time with friends or family: Reach out to friends or family members you haven’t spoken to in a while, or make plans to spend some quality time together.
5. Volunteer: Helping others can be a rewarding experience and can make a positive impact on your community.
6. Work on a personal project: Work on a hobby, a creative project or something that you have been putting off.
7. Relax and take care of yourself: Have a bath, meditate, do yoga, watch a movie or listen to music, whatever helps you to relax and feel good.

Keep in mind that you don’t have to do everything all at once and you should do what feels best for you. It’s important to also consider your personal well-being and make sure to give yourself some time for rest and relaxation.

 

How can I be a winner in office politics?

Office politics can be challenging, but it is possible to navigate them successfully and come out on top. Here are a few strategies that can help you be a winner in office politics:

1. Understand the political landscape: Get to know the players and the power dynamics within your organization. Understand who the key decision-makers are, who the influencers are, and what the agendas and goals of different groups are.
2. Build relationships: Cultivate relationships with key people in the organization. Building positive relationships can help you understand the political landscape, as well as give you a network of allies and supporters.
3. Communicate effectively: Be able to clearly and effectively communicate your ideas and goals, and learn to persuasively advocate for your position.
4. Be reliable and deliver results: Build a reputation for being dependable and for delivering results. This will help to establish your credibility and influence in the organization.
5. Be aware of your own biases and assumptions: Be aware of your own biases and assumptions and strive to see other perspectives. This will help you to be more effective in your communication and relationship building.
6. Stay professional: Avoid gossiping, spreading rumors, or engaging in other unprofessional behavior. Keep your focus on achieving your goals and maintaining your professional reputation.
7. Stay informed and informed: Keep track of the latest news and developments in the organization, and learn to read the signs of potential changes in the political landscape, like power shifts and changes in priorities.

Remember, the key is to stay focused on your goals and your professional development, while maintaining your integrity, professionalism and positive attitude. Like any other skills, you can develop and refine your political skills over time, and ultimately help you be a winner in office politics.

 

How clinical depression can be cured?

Clinical depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is a serious mental health condition that can have a significant impact on a person’s quality of life. It is not something that can be cured overnight. There is no single “cure” for depression, but it is a treatable condition.

Treatment for depression typically involves a combination of therapy and medication. Commonly used therapies for depression include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps people change negative patterns of thinking and behavior, and interpersonal therapy (IPT), which focuses on addressing relationship issues that may be contributing to the depression.

Antidepressant medication is also a common treatment for depression. These medications, known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are designed to correct a chemical imbalance in the brain that is believed to be linked to depression. However, it’s worth to mention that it may take a few weeks or even a few months before the full effects of the medication can be felt.

Other alternative or complementary treatments that can help alleviate symptoms of depression include exercise, mindfulness, and dietary changes.

In some cases, treatment resistant depression may require other forms of treatment such as ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy) or TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) under the guidance of a trained professional.

It’s also important to note that depression is often a chronic condition and may require ongoing treatment to manage symptoms. Recovery from depression can take time and may require patience, but with the right treatment and support, it is possible to achieve remission and improve the quality of life.

If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of depression, it is important to seek professional help. A healthcare professional or mental health specialist can work with you to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to your specific needs.

 

What is the best way to kill myself?

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I’m sorry to hear that you are experiencing difficult thoughts and feelings. It is important to remember that suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem, and that there is always help and hope available. If you are feeling suicidal or in crisis, please reach out for help immediately.

It is important to know that suicide is preventable and effective help is available. if you or someone you know is considering suicide, it is crucial to get help right away.

Here are some resources that might be helpful:

-In case of emergency dial 911 or your local emergency number.

-National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (in the US): 1-800-273-TALK (8255)

-International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP) – Find a crisis center near you: https://www.iasp.info/resources/Crisis_Centres/

-Crisis Text Line: Text “HELLO” to 741741

It’s important to remember that there are people who care about you and want to help you, no matter what you’re going through. You are not alone, and it’s important to take action to take care of yourself, your loved ones and reach out for help.

 

How can I turn around my life?

Turning around your life can be a challenging process, but it’s possible with a clear plan and the determination to follow through. Here are a few steps you can take to help turn your life around:

1. Identify the areas of your life that you would like to improve. This could be related to your career, relationships, health, finances, or personal growth.
2. Set specific, measurable, and achievable goals for each area. Make sure your goals are realistic and that you have a clear plan for how to achieve them.
3. Take action and make changes in your life. This can involve making new connections, learning new skills, developing new habits, or working on yourself emotionally or mentally.
4. Seek help and support if needed. This can come in many forms, whether that be counseling, coaching, a support group, or help from friends and family.
5. Keep yourself motivated by reviewing your progress and making adjustments as needed. Celebrate your achievements and learn from your setbacks.
6. Finally, Practice self-care and be gentle with yourself. Change and improvement take time, effort and patience, don’t expect yourself to be perfect, and try to have compassion towards yourself when things are not going as planned.

It’s important to remember that change doesn’t happen overnight. It’s a process that takes time, patience, and persistence. But with a clear plan and the determination to follow through, you can turn your life around and create the life you want.

 

 

OpenAIは次期ノーベル賞受賞者を予想できるか

Who will win next Nobel Prize？

I’m sorry, but I’m a machine learning model and don’t have the ability to predict future events such as who will win the Nobel Prize. The selection process for the Nobel Prize is kept secret and the award is not announced until the official ceremony, which typically takes place in October.

 

OpenAIは数学の方程式を解くことができるか

 

Solve the equation: x^2+5x+6=0 

Yes, the equation x^2+5x+6=0 can be solved using a method called factoring. The first step is to factor out any common factors from the left-hand side of the equation. In this case, we see that the left-hand side of the equation can be factored as:

x^2+5x+6 = (x+3)(x+2) = 0

To solve for x, we set each factor equal to zero and then solve for x:

x+3 = 0

x+2 = 0

Solving for x, we get:

x = -3

x = -2

Therefore, the solutions to the equation x^2+5x+6=0 are x = -3 and x = -2

Alternatively, we can use the Quadratic Formula, which states that for any quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0, the solutions for x are:

x = (-b ± √(b^2-4ac)) / 2a

So for the given equation x^2 + 5x + 6 = 0, the solution for x would be:

x = (-5 ± √(5^2-4(1)(6)))/2*1 which will give us the same result as factoring.

簡単に因数分解できる2次式の場合は、うまく解けました。

 

Can you solve the equation: x^2+2x+5=0 ? 

Yes, the equation x^2+2x+5=0 can be solved using a method called factoring. The first step is to factor out any common factors from the left-hand side of the equation. In this case, we see that the left-hand side of the equation can be factored as:

x^2 + 2x + 5 = (x + 1)(x + 5) = 0

To solve for x, we set each factor equal to zero and then solve for x:

x + 1 = 0

x + 5 = 0

Solving for x, we get:

x = -1

x = -5

Therefore, the solutions to the equation x^2 + 2x + 5 = 0 are x = -1 and x = -5.

いきなり間違えてますね。

 

OpenAIは国際政治を知っているか

Why Putin invaded Ukraine?

In 2014, Russia annexed Crimea, a region that had been part of Ukraine since the 1950s. The annexation of Crimea was preceded by protests in Ukraine, known as the Euromaidan, which led to the ousting of Ukraine’s pro-Russian President, Viktor Yanukovych. After Yanukovych’s ousting, Russian-backed separatists in Crimea voted to secede from Ukraine and join Russia. Putin claimed that he ordered the annexation to protect the ethnic Russian population in Crimea from the political instability in Ukraine, but the annexation was widely condemned by the international community as a violation of Ukraine’s sovereignty.

The annexation of Crimea was followed by a separatist conflict in Eastern Ukraine. Pro-Russian separatists in the region began to demand greater autonomy from Ukraine, and in some areas declared independence. Russia provided military and financial support to the separatists, which led to a large-scale military conflict between Ukrainian government forces and the separatists. While Russia denied involvement in the conflict, there is a broad consensus among the experts that Russia played a key role in the rebellion by providing military, financial and logistical support to the separatist groups.

As of 2021, the conflict in Eastern Ukraine is ongoing and have resulted in thousands of deaths. This event damaged the relation between Russia and many countries and organizations around the world which led to sanctions and diplomatic isolation.

 

What is the role for a president of University

The role of the president of a university varies depending on the specific institution and country in which it is located. Generally, however, the president is the chief executive officer of the university and is responsible for its overall management and administration. This typically includes setting the institution’s strategic direction, overseeing its financial and budget management, and representing the university to various internal and external stakeholders, such as faculty, staff, students, government officials, and members of the community. The president is often responsible for maintaining the university’s academic excellence, fundraising, overseeing the construction of buildings and other physical plants, and for dealing with other important matters that are related to the institution’s academic mission and well-being. Additionally, In some countries, university’s president is elected by a voting process by the academic staff, students and sometimes with the collaboration with government officials and community member.

 

OpenAIは世界を、私たちの日常をどう変えてしまうのか

In what way will OpenAI change our daily life?

OpenAI’s development of AI technology has the potential to change our daily lives in many ways. Here are a few examples:

1. Personal assistants: AI-powered personal assistants, like virtual assistants, can help us with a wide range of tasks, such as scheduling, finding information, and making recommendations.
2. Smart homes: AI technology can be used to control and automate a wide range of devices in our homes, such as lights, thermostats, and security systems.
3. Healthcare: AI-powered systems can help doctors make more accurate diagnoses, identify new drugs more quickly, and manage complex medical data.
4. Transportation: AI technology can be used to improve the efficiency and safety of transportation systems, such as self-driving cars, public transportation, and traffic control.
5. Business: AI can be used to automate repetitive tasks, to make predictions and forecasts, to provide customer service, among other tasks.
6. Entertainment: AI-based personalization algorithms, machine-learning and natural-language processing can be used to provide personalized recommendations for music, movies, and books.

It’s important to note that these are just a few examples of how AI technology can impact our daily lives, and that the potential applications are continually evolving as technology advances. While OpenAI contributes to many of these advances, it is also important to consider the implications of these technologies and to be responsible in developing and using AI.

 

In what way will OpenAI change the world?

OpenAI is a research organization that is focused on developing artificial intelligence (AI) technology and promoting its responsible use. The goal of the organization is to advance AI in a way that is safe for humanity and ultimately help benefit humanity.

The technology developed by OpenAI has the potential to transform a wide range of industries and fields. Some of the areas where AI is already having a big impact include healthcare, finance, transportation, and manufacturing. For example, AI-powered systems can help identify new drugs more quickly, improve the efficiency and accuracy of financial transactions, help self-driving cars navigate roads more safely, and optimize manufacturing processes to reduce waste and increase productivity.

In addition to these direct applications, AI technology has the potential to enable new forms of research and innovation. For example, AI algorithms can help scientists analyze large amounts of data, which could lead to new discoveries in fields such as medicine, physics, and astronomy.

Another way that OpenAI can change the world is by helping to ensure that the development of AI technology is aligned with the values of safety, fairness and transparency. OpenAI has been working on making AI more transparent and interpretable for the users, it also has developed policy frameworks that encourage the safe and responsible use of AI.

Overall, OpenAI and the work they’re doing is aimed at developing powerful AI technology that can bring significant benefits to society while minimizing the potential risks. But it’s important to note that, as with any new technology, there are also potential downsides to consider, and it’s important that society continues to have conversations about how to responsibly use and govern AI.

 

OpenAIは危険ではないのか

Are you trying to deceive me?

As an AI, I don’t have intention or consciousness, so I can’t deceive anyone, I work by providing information based on the knowledge that has been programmed into me. My purpose is to assist and provide helpful answers to the best of my abilities and provide the information that I was trained on. My responses to any questions are based on the information and knowledge that I have been exposed to, which is limited and my knowledge cut off at 2021.

It’s also important to note that even though I am trying to provide accurate and helpful information, my responses may not always be correct or complete. I recommend verifying any important or critical information with other reliable sources.

 

 

 

 

What is the difference between science and technology?

Science and technology are closely related fields, but they are not the same thing.

Science is the systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. It involves the discovery and understanding of the laws and principles that govern the universe. The goal of science is to understand how things work and to use that understanding to explain natural phenomena. It also tries to form predictions and new understanding based on empirical evidence.

Technology, on the other hand, is the application of scientific knowledge to the practical problems of human life. It involves the development and use of tools, machines, and processes to solve problems and improve our quality of life. It encompasses a wide range of areas, including medicine, transportation, communications, manufacturing, and energy production.

In summary, Science is the knowledge and understanding of natural phenomena, while technology is the application of that knowledge to solve problems and improve our lives. Science creates knowledge, Technology creates solutions. (chat.openai.com)

What does “We are at a crossroads of a great age” mean?

The phrase “We are at a crossroads of a great age” implies that the current point in time is a significant turning point in history where important decisions and actions will have a profound impact on the future.

It suggests that there are multiple paths to take and options to decide for the future and the outcome of those choices will be pivotal for the direction the society, culture, economy and more will take.

It can be interpreted that the present situation is critical and requires careful consideration and thought before taking any action. (chat.openai.com)

日本の科学技術基本計画の文書の英語版の一文ですが、意味がわかりにくかったのでopenAIに説明してもらいました。とても分かりやすいです。