英検1級対策。「大学の学位は人生の成功にとって必要か」
小学生は自由な発想をまだ持っているのに、中学、高校と教育を受けることで画一的にしかものを考えられない人間になってしまう、と鋭く学校教育を批判。
How School Makes Kids Less Intelligent | Eddy Zhong | TEDxYouth@BeaconStreet
大学の学位は人生の成功にとって必要かどうかに関して、否定的な論陣を張っている動画。
The Most Successful People Explain Why a College Degree is USELESS
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The Professors 709 – Status of Science Education in America
英検1級で過去に出題されたトピックに関する動画を見て、受験対策を練りましょう。
動画 It’s too late to do anything about climate change…. right? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bv7zFAdZ6LI 7：55 では、気象学者が意見を述べていて、非常に英語表現の勉強に使えます。文例を紹介します。
Climate Change 101 with Bill Nye | National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtW2rrLHs08 4分9秒
強調構文の公式は、強調したいものを It is …. that と挟むことです。ある文が強調構文かどうかは、It is と that を取り除いたときに完全な文が残るかどうかで判別できます。完全な文があれば、強調構文。
It wasn’t the White House, it wasn’t the State Department, it wasn’t father LaVar’s so-called people on the ground in China that got his son out of a long term prison sentence – IT WAS ME. Too bad! LaVar is just a poor man’s version of Don King, but without the hair. Just think..
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) 2017年11月22日
彼の息子を牢獄から出してやったのは、俺だ！と強調構文を使っています。やや変則的ですが、
The White House got his son out of a long term prison sentence.がもとの文として、主語を強調すると
It was the White House that got his son out of a long term prison sentence. となります。このツイートではそれがさらに否定形になっているだけです。同様に、
Trump got his son out of a long term prison sentence. が元の文と考えると、理解できるでしょう。これの文でTrumpを強調するために,It was … thatではさみこむと、
It was Trump that got his son out of a long term prison sentence. という強調構文が出来上がります。Trump本人の言葉なので、Trumpの部分が、Iとなるわけですが、実際には語呂の問題なのかmeになります。Iじゃなくてmeになるのは例外的な変化と考えらるでしょう。
マーティン・ファクラー著 「本当のこと」を伝えない日本の新聞 に、新聞で発言のソースを示す言い方がいくつか紹介されていました。マーティン・ファクラー氏はニューヨークタイムズの記者で、日本に長くいて日本の情報を世界に発信しています。
said one American official, who asked tnot to be named. 名前を明かせないというアメリカ政府の職員はこう言った
a State Department official 国務省職員
American official アメリカ政府の職員
someone close to the matter この問題に詳しい人物；消息筋
（参照部分：112~113ページ）
現行のセンター試験は廃止され、2020年から新しい試験制度が導入されます。とくに大きく変わる科目が英語です。長文読解に偏重していた英語教育から、読む、書く、聴く、話すの4技能をバランス良く教育し、大学入試においてはその能力を測るという方向に改革が行われます。センター試験に変えてマークシート式でなく民間の試験制度を利用するというのが一番大きな変化でしょう。今（2017年11月3日）の時点では、どの試験が採用されるのかは決まっていません。新聞報道では、英検、TOEFL、などが挙げられていますが、まったく不透明な状態です。受験生にしてみれば、たまったものではありませんね。
しかし、どの民間試験が採用されようとも、確かな英語力、4技能を身につければいいだけの話です。読む、聴くはいいとして、書く、話すはどうやってスキルを身につければいいのでしょうか？だいたい、英語で書く、英語を話すということを教育できる先生は今の日本にはほとんどいないのではないかと思われます。公立高校でも英語の授業を英語で行っている先生がいるようですが、どれくらい効果があるのかは疑問です。
文科省の資料によれば、民間試験として「例」として挙げられているのが、
の7つです。TOEICはビジネス英語なので、大学入試にはそぐわないと思いますが、実際のところ何が選ばれるのか、わかりません。英検は中学や高校で受けさせるところが多いので、一番スムーズに導入できそうな気がします。TOEFLは海外の大学に留学するときに必須の試験ですので、これも大学入試として用いるのは非常にリーズナブルでしょう。
ジャパンタイムズの『出る順で最短合格英検1級 単塾語EX』の13ページにあった substantiateという単語を用いた例文に、The experiment results substantiate her theory. というものがあったのですが、これを読んだときに、あれっ？ここはexperimentalじゃないのかなと思いました。実際のところ、どちらがよいのでしょうか？ネットでいろいろ調べて考えたことを以下に記しておきます。
ためしにグーグル検索してみると、
“experiment results” 約 1,740,000 件
“experimental results” 約 20,500,000 件
で、experimentalのほうが10倍以上ヒットしました。ただし、この検索方法だと前後の単語とのつながりがわからないので、実際に中身を見る必要があります。こういうときは、こちらがよいという使い分けがある可能性があるからです。そこで、この例文のフレーズを丸ごとグーグル検索してみます。
“The experiment results substantiate” 3件
“The experimental results substantiate” 8,860件
という結果になりました。3件ヒットしたものも、3件とも著者の名前が中国系のようです。experimentalを用いた例を以下に挙げます。
別の動詞を用いた例文も見てみます。まずはグーグル検索でヒット数を確認。
”The experimental results support” 約 349,000 件
”The experiment results support” 約 59,200 件
結論として、グーグル検索ヒット数で比べると、experimentalのほうがよく用いられると結論して間違いなさそうです。”experiment results”も使われているようですが、著者の所属をみると英語圏の国でないことが多い印象です。
ほかの言い方も見ておきます。
実験に名前がついているとき
実験に名前がついていた場合には、このようになり、ATLAS experimental resultsとは言いません。
所有格を用いて形容詞に
所有格にして、experiment’s results（実験の結果）という言い方はよく見られます。
OFを用いて
the results of the experimentも自然な言い方だと思います。どう使い分けるかは、文の構成などにも大きく依存します。
名詞を形容詞として使う語法がありますが、その名詞に形容詞形が存在するときには、今回のようにどちらを使えば悩む場合が出てきます。それに関しては、また別の機会に考えるとしましょう。
英語の専門家集団であるはずのジャパンタイムズが出版する英語の本の中に間違いがあるわけがないと思われるかもしれません。しかし、この英検1級のための単語集には非常に広い分野の言葉が収録されているため、全てにわたって専門家が監修しているとは考えにくいでしょう。最初に自分が気付いた明らかな間違いは、84ページにあるgeneticallyという単語の訳語でした。「遺伝子学的に」と訳していますが、遺伝子学と言う言葉がそもそも日本語には存在しませんから、「遺伝子学的に」という訳語もあり得ません。geneticsは「遺伝学」、geneticは「遺伝学的な」、「遺伝学的な要因の」、geneticallyは「遺伝学的に」、「遺伝学的な手法によって」といった意味です。もちろん、文の中で使われているときには、その文の意味にあわせて柔軟に訳語が当てられます。
そんなわけで、自分は本に印刷されていることを100%鵜呑みにする必要はないと思っています。かといって自分が常に正しい保証もありません。一番もっともらしいことを、その間違いに気付くまで信じることにしようというのが自分のスタンスです。
“Experimental result” vs “experiment result” という質問を見かけました。（http://www.english-test.net/forum/ftopic59347.html）。回答者は、以下のように答えていました。
Well, the first doesn’t quite make sense, since results come from an experiment; they are not experimental in themselves, but I suppose some speakers might use the phrase to mean the same as the other. I suggest ‘the results of the experiment’, however.
非常に参考になりますが、結果は実験から得られるものであって、「結果」自身が「実験的」ではあり得ないので、そういう言い方は意味をなさないと述べています。そういう感覚もあるのかなあとは思いますが、（もともと名詞であった言葉の）形容詞＋名詞という語法において、形容詞が表す名詞と、修飾される名詞との関係は一義的とは限らず、多様な関係性がありえると思います。なので、この部分の説明には自分は同意しかねます。
The Science Of Getting Rich [Full Seminar] With Bob Proctor
2：00 ボブ・プロクターが登場。DECISIONの重要性から話を始めます。
6:01 大きな影響を与えてくれた人としてRaymond Douglas Stanfordを紹介。
6：45 To change you life, you need to change your life! 人生を変えたければ、人生を変えないといけない！ これは言葉遊びではない。どうやってこれを実践するかを今から教えます。
9：20 ナポレオン・ヒルの本を紹介。外側（＝暮らし）を変えたければ、内側（＝考え方）から変えないと駄目。
46:15 人生を変える方法。まず第一に自分の今の居場所を知ること。ゴールにフォーカスするのは当然として、これができていない人が多い。第二番目として、どこに向かいたいのかを知ること。
スティーブ ・ジョブズが2005年にスタンフォード大学の卒業式で行ったスピーチの動画です。何をしたいのかわからない、どんな生き方をすべきか悩んでいる人にはお勧めの動画です。生きる指針を与えてくれます。自分もときどき見返すのですが、毎回違う部分の言葉が心に刺さります。原稿はスタンフォード大学のウェブサイトで見ることができます（リンク）。この原稿と実際に話された語句には若干異なる部分があります。
大学を中退してマッキントッシュを作って売るための会社を興したスティーブ・ジョブズなので、こうして招かれて祝辞を述べる機会を与えられたことが、自分にとって一番大学卒業に近い経験だとジョークを言っています。
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, I never graduated from college and this is the closest I’ve ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That’s it. No big deal. Just three stories.
点（Dots)というのは人生の若い頃にあれこれ様々なことに熱中することを指しています。一見ばらばらなことを夢中でやっててもそれが将来何の役に立つのかその時にはまったくわかりませんが、いつかかならずバラバラに見えた点が一つにつながって大きなことを成し遂げるのに役立つという話。
The first story is about connecting the dots.
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
このような公の場で、彼は自分の出生の秘密を語りました。実は養子だったのです。このスピーチでは触れていませんが、実際には養子として出されたことが彼の心に大きな影響を与えていたことは、映画「スティーブ・ジョブズ」などでは描かれています。養子を希望する最初の夫婦は女の子が欲しかったため、生まれた結果男の子とわかり、順番待ちリスト上で2番目だった夫婦に希望するかどうかの連絡がなされました。生みの親は大学出の両親という条件をつけていたのですが、スティーブを養子にもらうことを希望していた夫婦は、妻は大学を出ておらず、夫は高校すら出ていないことが判明してしまい、養子縁組を認めない産みの親と引き取った側の夫婦との間での訴訟問題に発展してしまいました。折角養子として受け入れた赤ちゃんを奪われるかもしれないという状態で何ヶ月かを過ごした育ての親は、その間、心理的には非常に大変な状態だったようです。結局、スティーブを大学にやるということを妥協案として双方が合意するに至り、訴訟は決着をみました。ところが、馬鹿高い学費はこの労働者階級の夫婦にとっては全人生をかけた貯蓄に相当するものだったため、大学を卒業することに意義を見出せなかったスティーブは両親が貯めたお金が勿体ないからと、大学を中退することを決意したのでした。
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?” They said: “Of course.” My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents’ savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn’t see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn’t interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.
It wasn’t all romantic. I didn’t have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, I returned Coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn’t have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and sans serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can’t capture, and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But 10 years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it’s likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backward 10 years later.
Again, you can’t connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backward. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
スティーブ・ジョブズはアップル社をスティーブ・ウォズニアックと二人で始めました。そして瞬く間に大きな会社に成長したわけですが、あろうことか、自分たつくったアップル社の経営陣と対立してクビになってしまいます。そこからどうやって立ち直ることができたのか、そのときの心の持ち方について語られます。
My second story is about love and loss.
I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents’ garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4,000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
I really didn’t know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down — that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
I didn’t see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world’s first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.
I’m pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn’t been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don’t lose faith. I’m convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You’ve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don’t settle.
自分が創業したアップルから解雇されたことは、煉瓦で突然頭を殴られたような衝撃だったと言っています。人生においてはそんなこともあるが、そのときに自分の信念を失わないことだと言います。
スティーブ ・ジョブズは膵臓癌を患いました。手術不能と当初診断され余命いくばくも無いことを医師に告げられたため、死と向かいあって生きることになりました。
My third story is about death.
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: “If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you’ll most certainly be right.” It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: “If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?” And whenever the answer has been “No” for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
Remembering that I’ll be dead soon is the most important tool I’ve ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure — these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn’t even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor’s code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you’d have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.
I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I’m fine now.
This was the closest I’ve been to facing death, and I hope it’s the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don’t want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life’s change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.
Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
３つのストーリーが語られたあと、全地球カタログの話とそこからのフレーズが紹介されて、祝辞が締めくくられます。
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors and Polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: It was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
Thank you all very much.