The Americas comprise the totality of the continents of North and South America. (Wikipedia)
【訳】The Americasとは、北アメリカと南アメリカの両大陸全体のこと。
Peopling the Americas
ちなみにpeopleというのは動詞の場合の意味は、To live, stay or work in a particular place(引用元:macmillandictionary.com)(ある地域に人が住む)という意味です。
The prehistory of the Americas (North, South, and Central America, and the Caribbean) begins with people migrating to these areas from Asia during the height of an Ice Age. (Wikipedia)
History books state that the Americas were discovered in 1492 when Christopher Columbus stumbled across a group of islands whilst searching for a route to India – this is why the island group he first landed upon is now called the West Indies. It is fair to say, that using the term “discovered” does cause some confusion, as parts of the Americas were as densely populated and as civilised as Europe – and had been for thousands of years. However, Columbus’ discovery of the Americas took place in a time when European monarchs were casting their naval fleets across the seas to “discover” new lands and trade routes to claim their own. (The Discovery of the Americas)
「生徒全員」と英語で言うときに、All students、All the students、All of the studentsと三通りの言い方があり得ますが、これらに違いはあるのでしょうか?掲示板usingenglish.comでの回答を信じるならば、
In “all students” all is an adjective. Rhetorically it is the most neutral phrase of all. ALLとSTUDENTSのどちらかを特に強調するわけではない言い方。
The phrase “all the students” is either neutral in stress, or slightly emphasizes “students”. これもどちらかを強調するわけではないが、強いていうならSTUDENTSの方に重きがある。
The phrase “all of the students” lays definite stress on the “all”. これは明らかにALLを強調した言い方。
ということになりそうです。
all+名詞
これは特定されていない名詞の集合を指すときに使います。
【例文】For all language teachers, however, instruction-giving is an area that deserves attention and practice, as it has a major impact on how well students are able to carry out activities and, as a result, how well they learn. (引用元:americanenglish.state.gov)
【解説】「すべての語学教師にとって」と、漠然と語学教師全体を指しています。
【例文】Keep in mind, however, that instructions should be simple and clear for all learners. (引用元:americanenglish.state.gov)
【例文】For activities that have several steps, give instructions after each step rather than giving all instructions at once.(引用元:americanenglish.state.gov)
【例文】The post-delivery stage allows the teacher to make sure that all students understood the instructions.(引用元:americanenglish.state.gov)
【例文】If you find that all or most students are off track, stop the activity and give instructions to the whole class again.(引用元:americanenglish.state.gov)
all the +名詞
【例文】The English Language Instruction Program This is generally used in areas where the students have a variety of different language backgrounds. As there is no common language other than English, this approach tries to get all students into mainstream classes as quickly as possible. The language of instruction in this program is 100% English, as no one teacher will know all the various native languages represented by the students in attendance.(引用元:fluentu.com)
【例文】The Two-way Bilingual Program Programs that fall under this designation, also known as dual language or paired bilingual programs, are another choice. This kind of program is ideal for a situation where there is a 50/50 balance between native English speakers and ELL students. The students are taught in both languages and the ELL students serve as role models and work with their peers. The teachers must be bilingual and if the program works well, so should all the students. (引用元:fluentu.com)
【解説】語学学習法の形態の説明文です。ELLはEnglish Language Learnersの略。この学習形態は例えば、半数が日本語を学びたいアメリカ人、残る半数が英語を学びたい日本人といった状況です。最後の文の訳は、「教師はバイリンガルである必要がある。そしてもしこの語学学習プログラムが功を奏せば全ての学生もバイリンガルにならなければいけない。」この文でall the studentsと定冠詞theがつく理由は、「このプログラムに参加した生徒たち全員」という極めて限定され、特定された生徒たちのことを指しているからです。
all of the + 名詞
【例文】All of the roads were evaluated by the same pair of Stantec employees who drove them June 12-22. (引用元:westlocknews.com)
【例文】“King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman vigorously deny any knowledge of the planning or execution of the murder of Mr. Khashoggi. Our intelligence agencies continue to assess all information, but it could very well be that the Crown Prince had knowledge of this tragic event – maybe he did and maybe he didn’t!” Trump wrote. “That being said, we may never know all of the facts surrounding the murder of Mr. Jamal Khashoggi. In any case, our relationship is with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They have been a great ally in our very important fight against Iran. The United States intends to remain a steadfast partner of Saudi Arabia to ensure the interests of our country, Israel and all other partners in the region.” (引用元:yahoo.com
【解説】That being said,は、「そんなわけだから」あるいは「しかしながら」。文脈によって順接にも逆説にも使えるようです。ここでは、その前の部分で、「サウジ王子は関与したかもしれないししていないのかもしれない。」と述べたのを受けて、「だから、事実関係の全てを知ることなんて決してできやしない。」と言っています。
all the 抽象名詞、all 抽象名詞
【例文】Please check that all the information you provided is correct. (引用元:wordreference.com)
【例文】The accompanying financial statements of The St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation and all information in this Annual Report are the responsibility of management and have been approved by the Board of Directors. (引用元:greatlakes-seaway.ca)
【解説】all information と all the informationはどう使い分けられるのかについては、all を除いて考えてみて、the をつけるべきかつけないべきかで考えれば事足りるでしょう。the がつけば、示されたあらゆるもの全てという意味になります。
Learn English – ALL or WHOLE?
The baby cried all the time.
I studied all day.
All my friends came.
All cities were destroyed.
All the money was stolen.
All the water was spilt.
all of them
All students need to come to class early tomorrow.
, and it should be possible to cover the whole text in half a year.
「教科書全体を半年間の講義で終えることは可能である。」という文が出てきました。そこで疑問に思ったのは、half a year と a half year の両方の言い方を聞いたことがあるけど、どっちがどっちだっけ?というものです。結論を言うと、どちらも同じで同じ意味です。ネットで見てみると、half a year は英国式で、a half year は米国式だという説明もありました。
Once agreed, …という言い方があります。
【例】Once agreed, I will send you a document. (引用元:usingenglish.com)
【訳】この件に関して)合意に達したら、私はあなたに書類を送付いたします。
【解説】Once it is agreed または、Once that is agreedが短く省略されてOnce agreedとなったと考えるのがわかりやすいでしょう。
省略されない使い方も見ておきます。
We will give you a quote and once that is agreed, we will arrange a suitable date and time to deliver and assemble your furniture. (Shop & Delivery – How It Works? FLATPACK)
上の例では、未来を表す条件節なので節の中は「現在形」で書きます(そういう規則)。
Initially this group was called as BRIC and SA became part of it in 2010. The basis to accept SA in the group was that, it was also a developing economy and wanted to be part of BRIC nations. Once this was agreed by the BRIC forum they officially invited SA to be part of BRIC and the name then changed to BRICS. (引用元:quora.com)
ちなみに、BRICとはBrazil, Russia, India, Chinaの4か国で、SAは、South Africaです。
Once agreed upon, … という言い方も見かけます。
同様の英語表現もついでにみておきましょう。
Once implemented, … ひとたび実施されれば、…
【例】Once implemented, the proposed support by the Committee for live music, infrastructure, funding programs and music education will be a game-changer for contemporary music artists and businesses, living and working in NSW. (引用元:themusicnetwork.com)
何かものの数を数えた結果を表すとき、the number of ~ (~の数) という言い方をしますが、そこに来る名詞は「複数形」になります。例を見ておきましょう。
The U.S. has experienced an increase in hate crime for the third year in a row according to new statistics released by the FBI. In 2017, the number of incidents increased about 17% compared to 2016 with black and Jewish Americans particularly impacted. The total number of incidents recorded was 7,175, up from 6,121 in 2016. (引用元:forbes.com)
The number of U.S. homes valued at $1 million or more increased by 400,702 this year, the largest annual rise since the housing price recovery began in 2012, according to a new study by real estate research firm Trulia. (引用元:usatoday.com)
Number of International Students to Japan Increases for Fifth Consecutive Year (引用元:nippon.com)
【訳】日本へやってくる国際留学生数が5年連続増加
【解説】これは記事の見出しであるため、The number の冠詞theが省略されています。また、調査結果であるにも関わらず、「現在形」increasesが用いられています。the numberは単数形の名詞であるため、動詞の形も単数形で、3人称単数現在形でincreasesとなっています。
さて、The Number Of The Beastという歌もあるようですが、ここでは複数形のsがついていません。ということは単数ということであり、するとthe numberは獣が何匹いるという匹数ではなく、「その獣」にあてがわれた「数字」ということになります。名詞が単数形か複数形かで、意味が全然違ってくるわけです。
Iron Maiden – The Number Of The Beast Lyrics (HD)
この歌詞はもともとヨハネの黙示録の一節に由来するものです。
ヨハネの黙示録
ヨハネの黙示録 第13章
13:17 And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.
13:18 Here is wisdom. Let him that has understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred three score and six. (引用元:ucg.org)
状態を表す動詞なのに進行形を取りうるのはどういう場合かに関しては、文法書に説明があります。それは、そういう状態が強まっているという意味においてです。Advanced Grammer in Useの2ページには、心理状態を表す動詞が進行形を取る例として、I am regretting … を挙げています。後悔の念が強まっているという意味になります。
I’m loving it.も同様に理解するならば、
「わたし、マックのことがどんどん好きになってる💛」
というノリなのではないでしょうか。
ただし、英語教育者の中には「I’m loving it. 」という言い方は間違いであって、こんな大企業が平気でこんなフレーズを使うのはけしからんという人もいます。
Present Simple verb tense | Present simple English verb